Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome in Patients with TB-HIV Coinfection in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Table 3

Simple logistic regression (SLR) identification of factors associated with unsuccessful TB treatment outcome in patients with TB-HIV in Kuala Lumpur.

Variable	SLR
	Unsuccessful outcome, n (%)	Successful outcome, n (%)	Unadjusted OR	95% CI	χ^2 (df)^a	value
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years)					1.34 (2)	0.511
18–39	47 (39.2)	73 (60.8)	1
40–59	49 (44.5)	61 (55.5)	1.25	0.74, 2.11	0.68 (1)^b	0.409
≥60	3 (60)	2 (40)	2.33	0.38, 14.47	0.82 (1)^b	0.364
Sex
Male	82 (40.8)	119 (59.2)	0.69	0.33, 1.43	1.00 (1)	0.317
Female	17 (50)	17 (50)	1
Citizenship
Non-Malaysian	17 (70.8)	7 (29.2)	3.821	1.52, 9.61	9.00 (1)	0.003
Malaysian	82 (38.9)	129 (61.1)	1
Ethnicity					11.67 (3)	0.009
Malay	44 (38.3)	71 (61.7)	0.31	0.14, 0.70	7.93 (1)^b	0.005
Chinese	20 (32.8)	41 (67.2)	0.24	0.10, 0.60	9.45 (1)^b	0.002
Indian	13 (50)	13 (50)	0.50	0.17, 1.44	1.66 (1)^b	0.198
Others	22 (66.7)	11 (33.3)	1			0.813
Place of residence					0.41 (2)
Others (homeless/institutional)	12 (48)	13 (52)	1.32	0.57, 3.10	0.42 (1)^b	0.519
Low cost	27 (42.2)	37 (57.8)	1.05	0.58, 1.90	0.02 (1)^b	0.882
Medium/high cost	60 (41.1)	86 (58.9)	1
Socioeconomic characteristics
Formal education
No	31 (64.6)	17 (87.5)	3.19	1.65, 6.19	12.38 (1)	<0.001
Yes	68 (36.4)	119 (63.6)	1
Employment status
Unemployed	60 (50)	60 (50)	1.95	1.15, 3.30	6.27 (1)	0.012
Employed	39 (33.9)	76 (66.1)	1
Household income
Low	93 (44.7)	115 (55.3)	2.83	1.10, 7.30	5.31 (1)	0.021
High	6 (22.2)	21 (77.8)	1
Clinical characteristics
DM
Yes	3 (33.3)	6 (66.7)	0.68	0.17, 2.78	0.30 (1)	0.581
No	96 (42.5)	130 (57.5)	1
Smoking status
Yes	49 (43)	65 (57)	1.07	0.64, 1.80	0.07 (1)	0.797
No	50 (41.3)	71 (58.7)	1
BCG scar
Absent	16 (72.7)	6 (27.3)	4.18	1.57, 11.11	9.32 (1)	0.002
Present	83 (39)	130 (61)	1
ART
Yes	30 (32.6)	62 (67.4)	1.93	1.12, 3.33	5.69 (1)	0.017
No	69 (48.3)	74 (51.7)	1
Type of TB
Pulmonary	73 (42)	101 (58)	0.97	0.54, 1.76	0.01 (1)	0.927
Extrapulmonary	26 (42.6)	35 (57.4)	1
TB case category					0.19 (2)	0.910
Relapse	11 (44)	14 (56)	1.08	0.47, 2.49	0.03 (1)^b	1.076
Return after lost to follow-up	4 (36.4)	7 (63.6)	0.78	0.22, 2.76	0.15 (1)^b	0.782
New case	84 (42.2)	115 (57.8)	1
CXR presentation upon diagnosis					7.75 (2)	0.021
Not performed	5 (83.3)	1 (16.7)	1.70	0.96, 2.99	3.31 (1)^b	0.069
Advanced	35 (50)	35 (50)	8.48	0.97, 74.30	3.72 (1)^b	0.054
No/minimal lesion	59 (37.1)	100 (62.9)	1
Sputum smear upon diagnosis					0.12 (2)	0.944
Positive	40 (43)	53 (57)	1.04	0.60, 1.80	0.02 (1)^b	0.884
Not performed	9 (39.1)	14 (60.9)	0.89	0.36, 2.21	0.07 (1)^b	0.797
Negative	50 (42)	69 (58)	1
Sputum culture upon diagnosis					15.14 (2)	0.001
Positive	14 (73.7)	5 (26.3)	5.54	1.89, 16.26	9.73 (1)^b	0.002
Not performed	35 (52.2)	32 (47.8)	2.17	1.20, 3.90	6.64 (1)^b	0.010
Negative	50 (33.6)	99 (66.4)	1
DOTS status
No	71 (88.8)	9 (11.3)	35.78	15.99, 80.05	117.22 (1)	<0.001
Yes	28 (18.1)	127 (81.9)	1
Duration of TB treatment (months)					206.98 (2)	<0.001
<6	93 (90.3)	10 (9.7)	79.05	15.90, 393.03	28.52 (1)^b	<0.001
6–12	4 (3.5)	109 (96.5)	0.31	0.05, 1.84	1.66 (1)^b	0.198
≥12	2 (10.5)	17 (89.5)	1

^aLikelihood ratio (LR) test. ^bWald test. Significant at . CI, confidence interval. df, degree of freedom.