Asymptomatic Plasmodium Infection and Associated Factors in Selected Districts of the Kaffa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis of the asymptomatic Plasmodium infection prevalence and associated factors in selected districts of the Kaffa zone, Southwest Ethiopia.
Variables
Category
Plasmodium infection
Odds ratio
Positive n (%)
Negative n (%)
Corollary (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Age group (year/s)
0.5–15
11 (1.9)
213 (37.6)
Ref
Ref
>15
27 (4.8
315 (55.7)
0.632 (0.293, 1.365)
1.581 (0.733, 3.414)
Sex
Male
14 (2.5)
220 (38.9)
Ref
Ref
Female
24 (4.2)
308 (54.4)
0.788 (0.388, 1.602)
1.269 (0.624, 2.580)
Educational status
Literate
7 (1.2)
189 (33.4)
Ref
Ref
Illiterate
31 (5.5)
339 (59.9)
2.730 (1.064, 7.007)
0.366 (0.143, 0.940)
Farmers
11(1.9)
117 (20.7)
0.520 (0.095, 2.832)
1.923 (0.353, 10.475)
Occupational status
Housewives
6 (1.1)
100 (17.7)
0.903 (0.157, 5.175)
1.108 (0.193, 6.352)
Students
4 (0.7)
79 (14.0)
1.353 (0.208, 8.824)
0.739 (0.113, 4.817)
Daily laborer
2 (0.4)
59 (10.4)
1.758 (0.204, 15.146)
0.569 (0.066, 4.903)
Merchant
3 (0.5)
55 (9.7)
1.180 (0.166, 8.391)
0.847 (0.119, 6.022)
Employed
5 (0.9)
46 (8.1)
0.418 (0.065, 2.682)
2.392 (0.373, 15.343)
None eligible
5 (0.9)
39 (6.9)
0.341 (0.052, 2.214)
2.934 (0.452, 19.063)
Others
2 (0.4)
33 (5.8)
Ref
Ref
Presence pregnancy
Present
3 (0.5)
8 (1.4)
Ref
Ref
Absent
35 (6.2)
520 (91.9)
4.998 (1.109, 22.530)
0.200 (0.044, 0.902)
Travel history 2 weeks before the survey
Yes
4 (0.7)
134 (23.7)
Ref
Ref
No
34 (6.0)
394 (69.6)
0.415 (0.140, 1.223)
2.412 (0.818, 7.118)
Malaria in the preceding year
Yes
5 (0.9)
59 (10.4)
Ref
Ref
No
33 (5.8)
469 (82.9)
1.456 (0.518, 4.095)
0.687 (0.244, 1.932)
Last night’s usage LLIN
Yes
7 (1.2)
200 (35.3)
Ref
Ref
No
31 (5.5)
328 (58.0)
0.408 (0.168, 0.991)
2.448 (1.009, 5.938)
LLIN coverage
Sufficient
12 (2.1)
159 (28.1)
Ref
Ref
Not sufficient
26 (4.6)
369 (65.2)
1.164 (0.549, 2.468)
0.859 (0.405, 1.822)
Presence of eave
Present
32 (5.7)
407 (71.9)
0.241 (0.061, 0.953)
4.144 (1.049, 16.363)
Absent
6 (1.1)
121 (21.4)
Ref
Ref
Presence of a hole in the wall
Yes
28 (4.9)
401 (70.8)
3.132 (1.027, 9.557)
0.319 (0.105, 0.974)
No
10 (1.8)
127 (22.4)
Ref
Ref
House sprayed in the last year
Yes
7 (1.2)
282 (49.8)
Ref
Ref
No
31 (5.5)
246 (43.5)
0.192 (0.080, 0.460)
5.206 (2.176, 12.455)
Distance from vector breeding site in meter
≤1 kilometer
21 (3.7
314 (55.5)
0.959 (0.439, 2.097)
1.042 (0.477, 2.278)
>1 kilometer
17 (3.0)
214 (37.8)
Ref
Ref
Average monthly family income
Below 1000 ETB (22.5631 USD)
25 (4.4)
380 (67.1)
3.433 (1.032, 11.420)
0.291 (0.088, 0.969)
1001−2000ETB (22.5857-45.1263 USD)
8 (1.4)
104 (18.4)
2.140 (0.522, 8.779)
0.467 (0.114, 1.917)
Above 2000 ETB (>45.1489 USD)
5 (0.9)
44 (7.8)
Ref
Ref
Animals kept in a separate house
Yes
23 (4.1)
379 (67.0)
1.604 (0.743, 3.464)
0.623 (0.289, 1.346)
No
15 (2.7)
149 (26.3)
Ref
Ref
Family size (number)
<5
11 (1.9)
154 (27.2)
Ref
Ref
≥5
27 (4.8)
374 (66.1)
0.691 (0.317, 1.508)
1.447 (0.663, 3.159)
Significant at , Ref = represents reference group, USD refers to the US dollar, ETB stands for Ethiopian birr.
