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| Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) |
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| Author | Journal/Year | Study | Finding |
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| Schmaldienst S et al.[244] | Transplantation / 2000 | Author compared 30 episodes of leucopenia treated with G-CSF and compared them with age and sex matched historical control group in kidney transplant recipients. | Leukopenic episodes in treated groups were shorter, infections were significantly less and no evidence for triggering a rejection was found. |
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| Peddi VR et al.[245] | Clin transplant / 1996 | Retrospective analysis of 25 episodes of neutropenia in kidney or combined kidney and pancreas transplant who received G-CSF | Authors found G-CSF effective in reversing neutropenia and no evidence of rejection was found. |
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| Turgeon N et al.[246] | Transpl Infect Dis/2000 | Retrospective analysis of 50 patients (both kidney and liver transplant) who received 100 doses of G-CSF | It reversed neutropenia, allowed maximum doses of ganciclovir to treat CMV and was well tolerated. No relation was found between the highest WBC obtained during G-CSF therapy and the risk of rejection |
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| Gordon MS et al.[250] | J Heart Lung Transplant / 1993 | Febrile neutropenia in a heart transplant due to immunosuppressive medications | Neutrophil counts improved. Infection was successfully treated. Endomyocardial biopsy showed no rejection. |
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| Ishizone S et al.[251] | J Pediatr Surg /1994 | 3 patients with severe liver disease and hypersplenism received G-CSF | G-CSF improved white cell counts without adverse events. |
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| Foster PF et al.[252] | Transplantation / 1995 | Prospective analysis of 37 primary liver allograft recipients received G-CSF for first 7 to 10 days. | Significant increase in white cell count, reduced rate of sepsis and sepsis related death were found in G-CSF group. The incidence of acute rejection was decreased in the G-CSF-treated group (22% vs. 51%, P < 0.01, chi-square test). |
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| Winston DJ et al.[253] | Transplantation/1999 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial of efficacy and safety of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in liver transplant recipients. | There was increase in white cell count. However there was no beneficial effect of G-CSF on infection, rejection and survival when compared to placebo. |
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| Granulocyte Monocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) |
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| Hashmi A et al.[258] | Transplant Proc / 1997 | 7 patients with neutropenia were given GM-CSF and were compared with historical 7 control having neutropenia but have not received any GM-CSF | Mean leukocyte count was more in treated group. Infection, mean hospital stay and mortality was less in those who were treated with GM-CSF |
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| Trindade E et al.[259] | Transplant Proc / 1997 | 13 children received 15 courses of GM-CSF | White cell count increased in all except one. No episode of rejection occurred. GM-CSF was found. It was beneficial in patients with severe bacterial infections. |
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| Kutsogiannis DJ.[261] | Transplantation / 1992 | Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor was used for the therapy of cytomegalovirus and ganciclovir-induced leucopenia in a renal transplant recipient. | It was helpful for improving white cell count and using adequate doses of anti CMV medications |
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| Page AV. Et al.[262] | Curr Opin Organ Transplant /2008 | Review article | Although there are encouraging results of G-CSF, GM-CSF and other immunomodulatory therapies in in vitro and in preclinical models still they have not met desired effects in solid organ transplantation and further studies are needed. |
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