Foilless diode are widely used in high-power microwave devices, but the traditional foilless diodes have large volume, heavy weight, and high power consumption, which are not conducive to the application of high-power microwave system on mobile platform. In order to reduce the size of the foilless diode, improve the transmission efficiency of electron beams, and reduce the weight and power consumption of the guiding magnetic field system, an axial foilless diode with a composite guiding magnetic field system is developed in this paper. By adjusting the structure size and magnetic field parameters of solenoid coil, permanent magnet, and soft magnet, the configuration of the composite magnetic field is optimized. The diameter of the anode tube is about 40% smaller than that of the original structure, and the weight and power consumption of the guiding magnetic system are about 40% lower than that of the original system when the same axial magnetic field intensity in the uniform region is generated. When the magnetic field strength of the permanent magnet is set as 1.4 T and that of the solenoid coil is in the range of 0.5 T∼1 T, the electron beam transmission efficiency is 100%, and the diode impedance is adjustable in the range of 100 Ω∼240 Ω. The experimental results verify the correctness of the simulation analysis. The experimental results show that when the magnetic field strength of the solenoid coil is 0.98 T (0.5 T) and that of the permanent magnet is 1.4 T, the transmission efficiency of the high-current annular electron beam with a peak voltage of 636 kV (590 kV) and a peak current of 3.3 kA (2.6 kA) is 100%, and the diode impedance is about 194 Ω (220 Ω).

Chunxia Li

Xiao Jin

Ganping Wang

Beizhen Zhang

Haitao Gong

Yanqing Gan

Fei Li

Falun Song

An Axial Foilless Diode Guided by Composite Magnetic Field for the Production of Relativistic Electron Beams

Terahertz (THz) radiation from a plasma cylinder with embedded radial electric and axial magnetic fields is investigated. The plasma density and the electric and magnetic fields are such that the electron plasma frequency is near the electron cyclotron frequency and in the THz regime. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the plasma electrons oscillate not only in the azimuthal direction but also in the radial direction. Spectral analysis shows that the resulting oscillating current pattern has a clearly defined characteristic frequency near the electron cyclotron frequency, suggesting resonance between the cyclotron and plasma oscillations. The resulting far-field THz radiation in the axial direction is also discussed.

L. H. Cao

Wei Yu

M. Y. Yu

C. Y. Yu

Terahertz Radiation from a Plasma Cylinder with External Radial Electric and Axial Magnetic Fields

It is shown that the dynamics of electrons accelerated in narrow capillary waveguides is significantly influenced by the parametric excitation of their betatron oscillations. On the one hand, this excitation can irreversibly spoil the emittance of an accelerated electron bunch that limits the possibilities of their practical use. On the other hand, controlled parametric excitation of betatron oscillations can be used to generate short-pulse sources of synchrotron radiation. The article analyzes the regions of parametric instabilities, their dependence on the parameters of accelerated electron bunches and guiding structures, and their influence on the dynamics of accelerated electrons. The parameters of the generated synchrotron radiation are also estimated. Measurements of the spectral parameters of synchrotron radiation can serve as a tool for diagnostics of betatron oscillations and their excitation in the case of parametric resonances.

Mikhail Veysman

On Peculiarities of Betatron Oscillations of Accelerated Electron Bunches in Capillary Waveguides

With the development of high-power microwave technology, the output power of the pulse generator is required more and more higher. In this paper, it is realized by increasing the output power of the module while the output impedance of the module changes little. The module of the generator is based on pulse forming network (PFN) and linear transformer (LT). Four Blumlein PFNs with arc-type configuration and 24 Ω characteristic impedance were connected symmetrically to the primary coil of the LTD and driven by two identical laser triggered spark switches to ensure four Blumlein PFNs synchronizing operation. On this basis, a two-stage high-power pulse generator based on PFN-LT is developed. The following technical parameters of the generator were achieved on a 12 Ω high-power solid resistor: output voltage amplitude of ∼250 kV and output power of ∼5.2 GW at a repetition rate of 5 Hz.

Mingjia Li

Qiang Kang

Jie Tan

Min Luo

Fei Xiang

A High-Power Pulse Generator Based on Pulse Forming Network and Linear Transformer

The two-dimensional snake scanning of the CCD method provides an effective solution to measure small-scale light spots which are smaller than one CCD pixel. The influences of the A/D conversion digits and response uniformity of the CCD on the measurement error are studied. When the A/D conversion digit is 20, the measurement error can be ignored. The maximum error value of the nonuniform response of the CCD pixel when the order of the super-Gaussian function is 10 is 0.7 <i>μ</i>m. The research results can be used to guide the experiment.

Xiaoyan Liu

Dexin Ba

Deqiang Jiao

Xiangxin Shao

Xin Mu

Ying Wang

Influences of Analog-to-Digital Conversion Accuracy and Response Uniformity of CCD on Small-Scale Laser Focal Spot Measurements

The interaction of dust-acoustic (DA) shock waves in a magnetized dusty plasma under the influence of nonextensively modified polarization force is investigated. The plasma model consists of negatively charged dust, Maxwellian electrons, nonextensive ions, and polarization force. In this investigation, we have derived the expression of polarization force in the presence of nonextensive ions and illustrated the head-on collision between two DA shock waves. The extended Poincaré–Lighthill–Kuo (PLK) method is employed to obtain the two-sided Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers (KdVB) equations and phase shifts of two shock waves. The trajectories and phase shifts of negative potential dust-acoustic shock waves after collision are examined. The combined effects of various physical parameters such as polarization force, nonextensivity of ions, viscosity of dust, and magnetic field strength on the phase shifts of DA shock waves have been studied. The present investigation might be useful to study the process of collision of nonlinear structures in space dusty plasma such as planetary rings where non-Maxwellian particles such as nonextensive ions, negatively charged dust, and electrons are present.

N. S. Saini

Kuldeep Singh

Papihra Sethi

Interaction of Dust-Acoustic Shock Waves in a Magnetized Dusty Plasma under the Influence of Polarization Force

L subshell X-rays of <sub>48</sub>Cd and <sub>49</sub>In have been measured for the impact of protons with energies from 75 to 250 keV. Obviously, it is found that L<i>γ</i><sub>2</sub> (abbreviation L<i>γ</i><sub>2,3</sub> for <sub>48</sub>Cd and L<i>γ</i><sub>2,3,4</sub> for <sub>49</sub>In) X-ray emission is enhanced in comparison with L<i>γ</i><sub>1</sub> X-ray emission. The relative intensity ratios of L<i>γ</i><sub>2</sub> to L<i>γ</i><sub>1</sub> X-ray are larger than the atomic data and increase with decreasing proton energy. This is caused by the multiple ionization of outer-shell electrons. To verify this explanation, the enhancements for relative intensity ratio of L<i>ι</i> and L<i>β</i><sub>2</sub> to L<i>α</i> X-ray in experiments are discussed, and the direct ionization cross sections of 4d, 5s, and 5p electrons are calculated using BEA theory.

Xianming Zhou

Jing Wei

Rui Cheng

Yanhong Chen

Yongtao Zhao

Xiaoan Zhang

Energy Dependency of Proton-Induced Outer-Shell Multiple Ionization for <sub>48</sub>Cd and <sub>49</sub>In

The single ionization and dissociation of ethanol molecules induced by low-energy electrons (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24.152pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" id="M1" height="11.927pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 24.152 11.927"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-70" d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.943,3.132)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.521,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.979pt" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" height="11.927pt" version="1.1" viewBox="27.7341838 -8.6359 28.979 11.927"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.784,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.025,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.441,0)"><path id="g190-102" d="M380 106C343 72 306 56 265 56C195 56 116 112 115 248C235 252 361 262 377 265C396 269 400 277 400 297C400 374 333 449 250 449H249C198 449 144 421 103 376S37 269 37 201C37 88 109 -12 232 -12C263 -12 332 6 395 84L380 106ZM225 412C281 412 315 364 314 312C314 297 308 292 290 292C232 290 176 289 120 289C135 370 180 412 225 412Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.365,0)"><path id="g190-87" d="M687 650H462V622C543 612 549 605 530 547C498 447 422 252 372 126H370C302 298 229 492 204 563C188 607 191 615 262 622V650H17V622C77 616 93 608 122 534C180 389 262 172 329 -11H360C436 196 541 450 568 516C606 605 619 614 687 622V650Z"/></g></svg>)</span></span> are investigated using multiparticle coincident momentum spectroscopy. By detecting two outgoing electrons (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M2" height="9.14241pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 10.383 9.14241" width="10.383pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-102" d="M391 364C391 409 353 448 295 448C249 448 198 426 152 393C65 331 23 225 23 139C23 14 96 -12 146 -12C198 -12 280 9 367 101L351 124C300 78 242 48 194 48C129 48 109 107 109 162V191C208 213 391 266 391 364ZM313 350C313 305 268 261 113 223C132 334 187 381 217 398C227 404 244 405 261 405C290 405 313 385 313 350Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.317,3.132)"><path id="g50-50" d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"/></g></svg> and <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M3" height="9.14241pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 10.383 9.14241" width="10.383pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-102"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.317,3.132)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g></svg>)</span> and one fragment ion in coincidence, we obtain the energy deposition (<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" id="M4" height="11.927pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 65.7985 11.927" width="65.7985pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.943,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.795,0)"><path id="g117-33" d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.331,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,34.274,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.126,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.663,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,60.606,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-51"/></g></svg>)</span> during electron ionization of the molecule, i.e., the binding energy spectra, for production of the different ionic fragments C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<sup>+</sup>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH<sup>+</sup>, COH<sup>+</sup>, and H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>. These data allow us to study the ionization channels for different ionic products. In particular, we focus on H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> as a product of double hydrogen migration. It is found that this channel mainly originates from the ionization of outer-valance orbitals (3a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M5" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path id="g50-31" d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>,</span>10a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M6" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>,</span> 2a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M7" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>,</span> 9a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M8" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>,</span> 8a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M9" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>,</span> 1a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M10" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>,</span> and 7a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M11" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>).</span> Additionally, there are minor contributions from the inner-valence orbitals such as 6a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M12" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>,</span> 5a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M13" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>,</span> and 4a<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M14" height="11.4859pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-31"/></g></svg>.</span> Quantum chemistry calculations show two fragmentation pathways: concerted and sequential processes for formation of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>.

Chao Ma

Jiaqi Zhou

Enliang Wang

Tao Yang

Zhongfeng Xu

Shaokui Jia

Alexander Dorn

Xueguang Ren

Formation of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> in the Ionization and Fragmentation of Ethanol Induced by Electron Beam Irradiation

Transient electromagnetic field plays very important roles in the evolution of high-energy-density matter or laser plasma. Now, a new design is proposed in this paper to diagnose the transient magnetic field, using relativistic electron bunch as a probe based on high-energy electron radiography. And based on this scheme, the continuous distribution of magnetic strength field can be snapshotted. For 1 mm thick quadrupole magnet model measured by 50 MeV probe electron beams, the simulation result indicates that this diagnosis has spatial resolution better than 4 microns and high measurement accuracy for strong magnetic strength and high magnetic gradient field no matter whether the magnetic interaction is focusing or defocusing for the range from -510 T<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" id="M1" height="10.1524pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 6.17869 10.1524" width="6.17869pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path id="g50-43" d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z"/></g></svg><i>μ</i>m to 510 T<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" id="M2" height="10.1524pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 6.17869 10.1524" width="6.17869pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-43"/></g></svg><i>μ</i>m.

J. H. Xiao

Y. C. Du

S. Z. Zhang

Y. T. Zhao

Ultrafast High-Energy Electron Radiography Application in Magnetic Field Delicate Structure Measurement

A comparative analysis of a fast atom beam and ion beam effect on a metal target in the binary collision model is performed. Irradiation by fast atoms has been shown to more closely correspond to neutron radiation in a nuclear reactor, in terms of the primary knocked-on atom spectrum and the efficiency and mechanism of the radiation defect formation. It was found that upon irradiation by fast carbon atoms with an energy of 0.2-0.3 MeV, the average number of radiation defects in the displacement cascade of one atom is four to five times higher than the calculated values using the SRIM program for ions with the same energy. It is shown that during penetration in the target, the probability of ionization of atoms with energies less than 0.4 MeV is negligible.

A. Pushkarev

A. Prima

V. Myshkin

N. Chistyakova

V. Ezhov

Comparison of Influence of the Fast Atom Beam and Ion Beam on the Metal Target

The algorithm and results of calculating the integral and differential energy spectra of a pulsed electron beam (350–500 keV, 80 ns), generated by direct-action accelerators, are presented. The electron spectrum was calculated using the oscillograms of the accelerating voltage, electron current, total current of the diode, and the one-dimensional Child–Langmuir (1D CL) ratio. It was found that the discrepancy in the integrated electron beam energy spectrum, when measured using the total current in the diode and using the electron beam current, did not exceed 15% for 80%–95% of the electrons generated in a diode with graphite, carbon fabric, and multipoint cathodes. When calculating the electron spectrum using the 1D CL, the error was much higher.

I. Miloichikova

E. Petrenko

Determination of the Pulsed Electron Beam Spectrum by Current and Voltage Oscillograms

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<p><em>Laser and Particle Beams</em> is an open-access journal publishing original research and review articles covering basic physics issues of intense laser and particle beams, and the interaction of these beams with matter.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Dr Katarzyna Batani, is based at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Poland.</p>


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title

Laser and Particle Beams is an open-access journal publishing original research and review articles covering basic physics issues of intense laser and particle beams, and the interaction of these beams with matter.

Laser and Particle Beams