Recurrent COVID-19 Waves and Lockdown: Impact on Daily Life and Mental Health of People in Nepal

Table 7

Binary logistic regression analysis for the predictors of DASS-21 among the respondents.

Variables		Depression			Anxiety			Stress
		OR	value	95% CI	OR	value	95% CI	OR	value	95% CI
Age ()	<40 years	2.41	0.007	1.27–4.57	2.07	0.019	1.12–3.82
Sex (ref. male)	Female	2.91	0.003	1.42–5.96	4.52	≤0.001	2.32–8.79	5.00	≤0.001	2.69–9.77
Marital status (ref. married)	Unmarried	0.91	0.816	0.41–1.98	0.93	0.854	0.46–1.89	0.88	0.742	0.42–1.85
	Divorced/separated	0.26	0.183	0.36–1.88	7.53	0.045	1.49–10.12	1.12	0.895	0.19–6.41
Occupation (ref. government organization)	Private organization	3.87	0.003	1.56–9.55				7.35	≤0.001	2.82–19.0
	Self-employed/daily wages	2.45	0.111	0.81–7.41				5.95	0.001	2.14–16.7
	Unemployed	1.05	0.918	0.41–2.63				9.53	≤0.001	3.33–24.5
COVID-19 infected (ref. no)	Yes	3.01	0.006	1.35–6.60	1.83	0.040	1.09–5.32	1.23	0.534	0.78–2.43
Family member COVID-19 infected (ref. no)	Yes	2.10	0.080	0.91–4.83
Family stayed in quarantine (ref. no)	Yes	2.55	0.018	1.17–5.57	1.02	0.936	0.51–2.02
COVID-19 impact on income (ref. work not affected)	Getting reduced amount of money	1.06	0.921	0.33–2.35	1.21	0.647	0.52–2.85
	Lost job	1.81	0.427	0.41–7.93	5.05	0.012	1.45–17.7
COVID-19 impact on living standard (ref. no change)	Using previous years’ saving so only little change on living standard	0.36	0.011	0.16–0.79	1.17	0.688	0.54–2.52	1.01	0.96	0.52–1.98
	Unable to meet financial obligations such as loan	0.99	0.993	0.25–3.86	1.51	0.567	0.36–6.29	1.03	0.327	0.78–1.44
	Unable to meet basic needs such as food, water, and home rent	7.52	0.006	1.96–33.4	2.29	0.042	1.08–7.85	5.78	0.005	1.68–19.8
	If the condition continues, my family cannot survive	1.02	0.832	0.15–6.36	1.13	0.896	0.16–7.90	3.45	0.043	0.81–19.6
COVID-19 impact on education of children
Online classes going on so there is no problem (ref. no)	Yes	0.66	0.840	0.40–2.20				0.90	0.794	0.40–2.27
No gadgets for online classes, created economic burden (ref. no)	Yes				1.32	0.041	1.56–3.46
Online classes have created more stress on children (ref. no)	Yes				1.58	0.031	1.09–6.56
Perceived impact of lockdown (ref. having more time with family, enjoying)	Feeling lonely, missing family members	1.70	0.412	0.39–5.54
	Unable to go for shopping, lacking essential items	3.36	0.044	0.95–8.77
	Feeling bored being locked at home	3.25	0.006	1.18–6.79
Increase/initiation of smoking/alcoholism (ref. no)	Yes				2.86	0.042	1.03–7.87
Change in sleeping pattern (ref. no)	Yes	1.09	0.836	0.47–2.48	3.36	0.030	1.09–6.22	2.33	0.016	1.17–4.58
Decreased physical activity (ref. no)	Yes	1.39	0.397	0.64–3.05	1.06	0.860	0.52–2.14
Disturbed family relation (ref. no)	Yes	1.02	0.965	0.36–2.89	1.97	0.042	1.01–8.52	3.96	0.004	1.53–10.2
Perceived knowledge on COVID-19 (ref. enough)	Little knowledge	2.09	0.028	1.02–3.73