A Lightweight Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol Using Fog Nodes in Social Internet of Vehicles

Table 1

The summary of authentication protocols.

Protocols	Cryptographic techniques	Limitations
Li et al. [19]	(1) Utilized digital signature; (2) Utilized asymmetric encryption; (3) Based on anonymous authentication	(1) Does not resist key compromise impersonation attacks; (2) Does not provide user anonymity
Ying and Nayak [23]	(1) Utilized one-way hash function; (2) Based on Diffie–Hellman problem; (3) Based on anonymous authentication	(1) Does not resist replay attacks; (2) Does not resist offline identity guessing attacks
Mohit et al. [24]	(1) Utilized one-way hash function; (2) Based on smart card; (3) Two-factor	(1) Does not resist impersonation attacks; (2) Does not provide anonymity and untraceability; (3) Does not provide mutual authentication
Yu et al. [25]	(1) Utilized one-way hash function; (2) Based on smart card; (3) Two-factor	(1) Does not resist sensor capture attacks; (2) Does not resist impersonation attacks; (3) Does not provide untraceability
Ma et al. [10]	(1) Utilized one-way hash function; (2) Based on smart card(3) Utilized ECC	(1) Does not resist internal attacks; (2) Does not resist stolen smart card attacks; (3) Does not resist known session-specific temporary information attacks
Wazid et al. [34]	(1) Utilized one-way hash function; (2) Based on anonymous authentication; (3) Utilized ECC	—
Eftekhari et al. [9]	(1) Utilized one-way hash function; (2) Based on anonymous authentication; (3) Utilized ECC	—
Wu et al. [32]	(1) Utilized one-way hash function; (2) Based on smart card; (3) Utilized ECC; (4) Two-factor	—