Application of Digital Twins to Flexible Production Management: Taking a Shandong Factory as an Example

Table 2

A comparison of digital twins applied research.

Author	Contribution	Effect	Contribution of this article
Ma J, Chen H, Zhang Y, et al.	To address how to create a digital twin-driven production management system for product life cycle management	The faulty product rate and work-in-process inventory were decreased by 34% and 89%, respectively, while the product’s first-time inspection pass rate climbed by 14.2 percent	The case’s debugging bugs were decreased by 70%, and the operation and maintenance employees were cut by 40%
Cimino C, Negri E, Fumagalli L	At the Politecnico di Milano’s School of Management to implement DT in a laboratory equipped with MES	Create applications that provide the groundwork for addressing the questions in the literature	Create a digital twin architecture to enable synchronized operation of virtual and physical systems
Cunbo Z, Liu J, Xiong H	A framework of intelligent production management and control techniques for sophisticated product assembly workshops is proposed based on digital twins	More specific	Propose a framework for the composition of digital twins (extensive, not restrictive to the industry)
Leng J, Zhang H, Yan D, et al.	The authors apply DT at a laboratory equipped with MES at the Politecnico di Milano’s Management School