|
| s/n | Authors and title | Work done | Strength | Drawback |
|
| 1 | Haq and Muselemu [21] | Proposed a model for counterfeit medications using a mobile app to check for verification and a permission blockchain | Traceability and transparency are achieved | IoT was not incorporated into this model. Other things, like the temperature of the medical product during transportation, were not achieved |
|
| 2 | Benchoufi et al. and colleagues [25] | Proposed a model for protecting patient data, improving clinical research, and ensuring consent for clinical trials | Traceability and transparency are provided for clinical data | They discussed the use case of blockchain in general for healthcare, but no further explanation was given for blockchain and IoT in the pharmaceutical industry |
|
| 3 | Rayan and Zubair [27] | An IoT-integrated blockchain model for supply chain traceability and transparency | Transparency and real-time monitoring using blockchain and IoT technology | No in-depth explanation of the proposed model by the authors |
| No direct feedback mechanism between consumers and the manufacturer |
|
| 4 | Alam et al. [49] | A blockchain-based model to eliminate drug counterfeiting in the pharmaceutical industry | Transparency and traceability of the chain | (i) No explanation was given on how the consumer checks the validity of the product |
| (ii) IoT was not integrated into the model that was proposed |
| (iii) Nonavailability of a feedback system between the consumer and the manufacturer |
|
| 5 | Malik et al. [29] | The three-layered framework known as TrustChain uses consortium blockchain to solve trust issues with commodities and the integrity of data | Smart contract used for automation of reputation calculation | No direct feedback mechanism between the manufacturer and the consumer |
|
| 6 | Raj et al. [50] | Use of smart contracts and the blockchain to establish proof ownership of a product and the authenticity using the electronic product code | Automation of smart contracts in the supply chain process | No incorporation of IoT technology |
| Transparency and supply chain history validity | No feedback mechanism between the manufacturer and the consumer |
|
| 7 | Pandey and Dhanalakshmi [30] | Smart contracts and blockchain provide solutions for drug counterfeiting | Pharmaceutical supply chain data were stored using an immutable ledger | Data integrity was not achieved. The systems depend on stakeholders storing data |
| No incorporation with IoT |
| No feedback mechanism between the manufacturer and the consumer |
|
| 8 | Pham et al. [31] | The anti-counterfeit medicine management system based on IPFS and ethereum network | Transparency in the proposed system using the blockchain | (i) No feedback mechanism between manufacturers and consumers |
|
| 9 | Makarov [34] | Evaluation of the use of smart contracts in pharmaceuticals | Application of blockchain | IoT as a solution to the problems of pharmaceuticals was not proposed |
| No feedback mechanism was suggested between manufacturers and consumers |
|
| 10 | Plotnikov and Kuznetsova [32] | General overview of the importance of digital technologies to fostering economy and blockchain as a major contributor to today’s economy | Insights into the applications and positive effects of blockchain’s implementation | No framework was proposed to solve the issue of falsified and substandard medications |
|
| 11 | Zakari et al. [51] | A systematic literature review on the applications of blockchain in the pharmaceutical industry, challenges, and future directions | Challenges and future directions in the adaptation and adoption of blockchain were covered by the author | No framework was proposed to solve the pharmaceutical supply chain problem |
|
| 12 | Subramanian et al. [35] | A model to eliminate drug counterfeiting through the use of smart contracts and blockchain | Transparency and traceability | (i) No incorporation with IoT |
| (ii) No direct feedback mechanism between the manufacturer and the consumer |
|
| 13 | Jangir et al. [52] | Web 3 application built for pharmaceutical stakeholders that allow users to track products by querying the product ID | Traceability and transparency | No integration with IoT |
| No feedback mechanism between manufacturers and consumers |
|
| 14 | Chiacchio et al. [36] | Utilization of nonfungible tokens as a solution to drug counterfeiting, tracking, and tracing | Digital uniqueness of NFTS | No feedback mechanism for manufacturers and consumers |
|
| 15 | Gogos and Rochelle [37] | Research work on blockchain potentials in the pharmaceutical industry | The result showed that blockchain can be used for traceability and privacy, amongst several other benefits | No model was proposed for solving the pharmaceutical supply chain problem |
|
| 16 | Shashi [39] | Study and analysis of the cold chain system in the pharma supply chain | Use of IoT technology as an enabler | Blockchain technology was not used |
|
| 17 | Jammula et al. [41] | Designed a model for temperature monitoring in the pharmaceutical supply chain | The use of IoT and blockchain | The authentication of the product stops at the end user, and no feedback mechanism between the manufacturer and the consumer |
|
| 18 | Kumari [42] | The proposed model to curb the wide spread of counterfeit medication in the healthcare sector | The blockchain-based model ensures transparency | No explicit knowledge of the methodology was proposed |
|
| 19 | Jain et al. [43] | Proposed a blockchain-based solution for medicine counterfeiting | Transparency and traceability because of the blockchain | No IoT-integrated framework |
| No feedback mechanism between the manufacturer and the consumer |
|
| 20 | Sharma and Sikka [53] | A survey on the practical approaches to prevent drug counterfeiting using blockchain technology | Practical blockchain-based solution | No integration with IoT |
|
| 21 | Khubrani and Alam [54] | The supply chain management system using the IPFS and the ethereum network | Transparency and Scalability in the supply management system | An IoT framework was not integrated |
|
| 22 | Jaisimha and Kumar [44] | A systematic mapping study on the feasibility of blockchain in the pharma supply chain | IoT and smart contract integration for automated control of the system | No feedback mechanism in the supply chain model for the customer and the manufacturer |
|
| 23 | Humayun et al. [45] | A model for securing drug distribution from tampering using blockchain | Data coordination and data management using blockchain | No IoT framework was introduced |
|
| 24 | Gao et al. [46] | The study analyzes the future development of blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical industry and its general reception by consumers of healthcare facilities | Blockchain was found in this analysis and research as a solution to major challenges faced by the medical industry | No model was proposed on how to solve the problems faced by the medical industry |
| The study did not cover the use of IoT |
|
| 25 | Alagarsamy et al. [48] | IoT applications in the pharmaceutical industry | The authors identified three main applications of IoT: IoT in pharmaceutical manufacturing, IoT in drug discovery, and IoT in clinical trials | No model was proposed on how to apply IoT in the pharma industry |
|
| 26 | Tehrani and Jin [55] | | Wearable technology and personalized patient care through the use of IoT | The study only focused on the applications of IoT in the pharmaceutical industry, and there was no integration with blockchain technology |
| No model was proposed to address the challenges faced in the pharmaceutical industry |
| 27 | Bharny et al. [56] | The anti-counterfeit model to reduce and curb the widespread drug counterfeiting and false medications | Automation of the supply chain process using IoT, transparency of supply chain history with blockchain technology, and credibility of transactions using the smart contract | No feedback mechanism between the manufacturer and the final consumer |
|
| 28 | Jochumsen and Chaudhuri [57] | Analysis was carried out to learn in-depth information about blockchain’s potential in the pharmaceutical industry as well as its potential for supply chains and procurement | Tracking, tracing, and securing IoT were identified as ways blockchain could impact the pharmaceutical supply industry | No model was proposed to implement blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical industry |
|
| 29 | Lingayat et al. [58] | A blockchain model was designed to enable the security of the pharmaceutical supply chain | Transparency and immutability of the blockchain allow all records to be visible and unchanged | No feedback mechanism between the manufacturer and the consumer |
|
| 30 | Fekih and Lahami [59] | General overview of the knowledge of blockchain technology and its different applications in the healthcare sector | Blockchain and IoT technology applications were covered in the healthcare sector | No framework was proposed for the implementation of IoT and blockchain in the pharmaceutical industry |
|
