Phase Error Modeling and Its Impact on Precise Orbit Determination of GRACE Satellites

Table 2

Overview of the dynamical models and reference frames used for reduced dynamic orbit determination.

Item	Description
Static gravity field	GGM02C 150 × 150 [20]
Solid Earth tide	IERS96, 4 × 4 [21]
Polar tide	IERS96 [21]
Ocean tide	CSR4.0
3rd body gravity	Sun and moon
Solar radiation pressure	Ball model, Conical earth shadow, 𝐶𝑅 is estimated [22]
Atmospheric drag	Jacchia 71 density model (NOAA solar flux (daily) and geomagnetic activity (3 hourly)), 𝐶𝐷 is estimated [22]
Relativity	Schwarzschild
Precession	IAU1976 [21]
Nutation	IAU1980 + EOPC correction [21]
Earth orientation	EOPC04
Solar ephemerides	JPL DE405
Terrestrial reference frame	International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) 2000 [23]
Conventional inertial reference frame	J2000.0 [24]