An Improved Self-Adaptive PSO Algorithm with Detection Function for Multimodal Function Optimization Problems

Table 1

Basic characters of the benchmark functions.

Function	Range	Opt. value	Opt. position
Multimodal function	[−1,2]	3.3099	(1.64,2)
Schaffer function	[−10,10]	0	(0,0)
Griewank function	[−600,600]	0	(0,0,…,0)
Shubert function	[−10,10]	−186.7309	(−1.43,0.8)