Complex Dynamical Behavior of a Predator-Prey System with Group Defense

Figure 4

Spatial distributions of prey as change of 𝑚. (a) 𝑚=0.03, (b) 𝑚=0.12, (c) 𝑚=0.2, and (d) 𝑚=0.25. The other parameter values are 𝑟=0.6, 𝑠=0.49, 𝑎=0.28, 𝑏=0.3, 𝑐=0.57, 𝑑=0.7, 𝑒=0.2, 𝑑₁=0.08, and 𝑑₂=0.12.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)