Complex Dynamical Behavior of a Predator-Prey System with Group Defense

Figure 5

(a) The predator density as a function of 𝑐 at steady state. (b) Variation of dispersion relation of system (2) around the interior equilibrium point for different 𝑐. The red line corresponds to 𝑐=0.5, the green line corresponds to 𝑐=0.57, and the blue corresponds to 𝑐=0.62. The other parameter values are 𝑟=0.6, 𝑠=0.49, 𝑎=0.28, 𝑏=0.3, 𝑑=0.7, 𝑒=0.2, 𝑚=0.12, 𝑑₁=0.08, and 𝑑₂=0.12.

(a)

(b)