A P-Based Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows

Table 1

Parameters used for the PHEA.

Notation	Value	Parameter
𝑁	40	The total population size
𝑚	5	The number of subsystems
𝑥max	20	Exchange chromosomes between operation membranes for each 𝑥maxstep
𝑦max	40	Send chromosomes to the output membrane for each 𝑦max step
𝑓	50%	The exchange rate
𝑝𝑐1	10%	The order crossover rate
𝑝𝑐2	10%	The single parent crossover rate
𝑝𝑚	1	The mutation rate
𝐿	4	The minimized length of the reserving route
Itermax	1000	The maximum iteration number