Investigating the In-Vehicle Crowding Cost Functions for Public Transit Modes

Figure 2

The Optimal Outputs for Numerical Case One (Here, 𝐶_𝑜 denotes the operating cost of the transit operator. 𝐶_𝑢 is the user cost and TSC means total system cost).

(a) Optimal Frequency (Veh/Hour)

(b) Costs Comparison ($/Hour, 𝑄=1100)

(c) Load Factor versus demand (%)

(d) The Existence of Economies of Scale