Investigating the In-Vehicle Crowding Cost Functions for Public Transit Modes

Table 3

Crowding penalties for rail-based modes for London area.

Load Factor; (LF)	Crowding penalties; for standing	Stand density; (pass./m^2)	Crowding penalties; for standing
		0	1.53
100	1.5	1	1.62
120	1.67	2	1.70
140	1.85	3	1.79
160	2.02	4	1.87
180	2.2	5	1.96
200	2.37	6	2.04

Source: Whelan and Crockett (2009) [11].