Investigating the In-Vehicle Crowding Cost Functions for Public Transit Modes

Table 4

The standing density design guide for heavy rail.

Standing capacity	The crowding description	Japan	UK	Russia
0-1 pax/m^2	Fewer standing inside vehicle	Comfort	Comfort	Good
1-2 pax/m^2	Some standees	Comfort	Comfort	Good
2-3 pax/m^2	Standees can be free circulation	Comfort	Busy	Good
3-4 pax/m^2	0.25 m^2 of space among passengers; Free circulation in the aisles	Little crowded  (threshold)	Crowded	Normal
4-5 pax/m^2	0.20 m^2 of space among passengers; Some restrictions in movement; High probability of physical contact	Some crowded	Very crowded	Normal
5-6 pax/m^2	0.16 m^2 of space among passengers; Very restricted circulation; Frequent physical contact	Very crowded; but tolerable	Maximal	Crowded
6-7 pax/m^2	Less 0.14 m^2 among passengers; Impossible movement	Very crowded, crush loaded	Beyond capacity	Crowded
7-8 pax/m^2	Less 0.1 m^2 among passengers; Physically squeeze into a car	Intolerable	Beyond capacity	unbearable