Research on the Grey Verhulst Model Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Markov Chain to Predict the Settlement of High Fill Subgrade in Xiangli Expressway

<p>Comparison of the APE adopted the six competing models to forecast the settlement of high fill subgrade in Xiangli Expressway.</p>

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Figure 3: Research on the Grey Verhulst Model Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Markov Chain to Predict the Settlement of High Fill Subgrade in Xiangli Expressway 

Figure 3 | Research on the Grey Verhulst Model Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Markov Chain to Predict the Settlement of High Fill Subgrade in Xiangli Expressway 