Redefinition of Cost-Benefit Efficiency of Land-Use Projects: Focusing on Environmental Cost
Table 1
Calculation of ESF of different services proposed by Zhe et al. [12].
Type
Formula
Parameter implication
is the consumption amount of food or raw material in environment is the annual provision per unit area of food or raw material in environment is the of raw materials , so do is the proportion of different ecological environment to total environment
is the energy usage of seven categories: coal, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, natural gas, and thermal power is the hectare area of energy supply; is the ratio of natural energy to clean energy
is the surface water usage, is the groundwater usage, is the surface water resources, is the groundwater resources, is the area of a water body, is the area of another land-use type
refers to the emissions of different pollutants, refers to the capability to exhaust pollutants per hectare of environment .
represents the total number of forest park tourists; is the capacity of forest park tourism; is the equilibrium factor of environment.