SPH-Based Analysis on the Lateral Response of Pipe Culverts in the Flowing Process of Liquefied Sand

Figure 10

Vertical velocity cloud chart in SPH simulation of culvert-soil collapse along different slopes at t = 8.125 s: (a) θ = 0°; (b) θ = 5°; (c) θ = 20°.

(a)

(b)

(c)