Reversible Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Relational Database Based on Prediction-Error Expansion

Table 3

Comparison with previous works.

	Farfoura et al. [29]	Chang et al. [30]	Proposed scheme
Data type	Numeric	Numeric	Numeric
Watermark information	Image	Data characteristics	Data characteristics
Distortion control	Fractional part of numeric attributes is used for watermark embedding	2 last digits from numeric attributes are used for watermark embedding	LSD of numeric attributes is used for watermark embedding
Data recovery	Yes	Yes	Yes
Tamper detection and localization	No	No	Yes at group level