Vehicle Emission Detection in Data-Driven Methods

Table 1

The performance of multiple models used in the experiment for fuel type prediction.

Model	Accuracy rate (%)	Precision rate (%)	Recall (%)	F1 (%)
Decision tree	97.34	96.83	84.01	89.96
Random forest	97.46	97.32	84.41	90.41
AdaBoost	96.78	93.41	83.21	88.02
Hard voting	97.39	97.74	83.58	90.11
Soft voting	97.43	97.42	84.16	90.30