Faulty Line Selection Based on Modified CEEMDAN Optimal Denoising Smooth Model and Duffing Oscillator for Un-Effectively Grounded System

Table 7

Fault line selection results as each line has different faults.

Fault situation	Line l1	Line l2	Line l3	Line l4	Judgment result
(Line l1, 20 Ω, 3 km)	Periodical	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Line l1 fault
(Line l1, 50 Ω, 5 km)	Periodical	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Line l1 fault
(Line l1, 200 Ω, 10 km)	Periodical	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Line l1 fault
(Line l1, 500 Ω, 12 km)	Periodical	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Line l1 fault
(Line l2, 1 Ω, 1 km)	Chaotic	Periodical	Chaotic	Chaotic	Line l2 fault
(Line l2, 10 Ω, 6 km)	Chaotic	Periodical	Chaotic	Chaotic	Line l2 fault
(Line l2, 100 Ω, 9 km)	Chaotic	Periodical	Chaotic	Chaotic	Line l2 fault
(Line l2, 600 Ω, 3 km)	Chaotic	Periodical	Chaotic	Chaotic	Line l2 fault
(Line l3, 8 Ω, 5 km)	Periodical	Periodical	Chaotic	Periodical	Line l3 fault
(Line l3, 10 Ω, 12 km)	Periodical	Periodical	Chaotic	Periodical	Line l3 fault
(Line l3, 100 Ω, 8 km)	Periodical	Periodical	Chaotic	Periodical	Line l3 fault
(Line l3, 200 Ω, 16 km)	Periodical	Periodical	Chaotic	Periodical	Line l3 fault
(Line l4, 6 Ω, 5 km)	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Periodical	Line l4 fault
(Line l4, 8 Ω, 3 km)	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Periodical	Line l4 fault
(Line l4, 50 Ω, 8 km)	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Periodical	Line l4 fault
(Line l4, 100 Ω, 2 km)	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Periodical	Line l4 fault
(Bus bar, 10 Ω)	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Bus bar fault
(Bus bar, 100 Ω)	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Bus bar fault
(Bus bar, 200 Ω)	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Chaotic	Bus bar fault