A Multisource Monitoring Data Coupling Analysis Method for Stress States of Oil Pipelines under Permafrost Thawing Settlement Load

Table 1

Thermal properties of soil layers.

Physical parameters	Ρ	Cf	Cu	λf	λu
Unit	kg/m^3	10^3 J/(kg·°C)		W/(m·°C)
Sandy loam	1300	1.49	1.88	1.21	0.84
Silty clay	1600	2.54	3.35	1.04	0.72
Weakly weathered base rock	1600	1.50	1.90	2.12	1.42

ρ: density; C_f: specific heat of frozen soil; C_u: specific heat of unfrozen soil; λ_f: thermal conductivity of frozen soil; λ_u: thermal conductivity of unfrozen soil.