An Overview of Multimodal Biometrics Using the Face and Ear

Table 1

Face- and ear-based multimodal biometric methods in the literature.

Categories	Identification	Verification
Sensor-level fusion	Chang et al. [11]; Yuan et al. [16]; Yaman et al. [17]	—
Feature-level fusion	Abate et al. [5]; Xu and Mu [18, 19]; Theoharis et al. [20]; Huang et al. [2–4]; Yaman et al. [17]	Badrinath and Gupta [21]
Score-level fusion	Huang et al. [4]; Xu and Mu [22]; Yan [23]; Mahoor et al. [24]; Cadavid et al. [25]; Yaman et al. [17]	Islam et al. [26]; Mahoor et al. [24]; Darwish et al. [27]; Kisku et al. [28]; Raghavendra et al. [29]; Yazdanpanah et al. [30]; Huang et al. [31]; Huang et al. [32]
Rank-level fusion	—	Monwar and Gavrilova [33–35]; Kumar et al. [36]
Decision-level fusion	Rahman and Ishikawa [37]	Xu and Mu [22]; Kisku et al. [38]; Boodoo and Subramanian [39]