Cultural Emperor Penguin Optimizer and Its Application for Face Recognition

Table 10

Average training time (s) obtained by nine models on four databases.

Training time (s)	Databases
	YALE	ORL	UMIST	FERET
MFO-SVM	47.93	61.54	70.95	46.03
GWO-SVM	45.06	58.81	72.31	50.54
PSO-SVM	43.95	54.12	65.69	48.91
GA-SVM	69.71	82.73	98.03	79.42
EPO-SVM	40.68	47.49	68.55	42.87
CA-SVM	46.33	56.87	77.41	53.24
CEPO-SVM	59.76	79.23	95.76	67.34
CFA-SVM	78.25	81.96	112.87	84.59
EPSEO-SVM	82.43	83.15	107.43	86.77