Approximations, Errors, and Misconceptions in the Use of Map Projections
Table 4
Arc-to-chord corrections in Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 30 N (central meridian −3°), for different location (coordinates ,,, and in ITRF14), length (s), and orientation of line ends.
Description of point location
Middle latitudes, near the central meridian, short distance, orientation 1
40
−2.5
40.009
−2.498
1
10
0.1
Middle latitudes, near the central meridian, long distance, orientation 1
40
−2.5
40.887
−2.294
100
10
12.1
Middle latitudes, near the central meridian, short distance, orientation 2
40
−2.5
40.002
−2.489
1
77
0.0
Middle latitudes, near the central meridian, long distance, orientation 2
40
−2.5
40.197
−1.356
100
77
4.4
Middle latitudes, far from the central meridian, short distance, orientation 1
40
−0.5
40.009
−0.498
1
10
0.5
Middle latitudes, far from the central meridian, long distance, orientation 1
40
−0.5
40.887
−0.294
100
10
55.1
Low latitudes, near the central meridian, long distance, orientation 1
7
−2.5
7.891
−2.343
100
10
15.4
Low latitudes, far from the central meridian, long distance, orientation 1
7
−0.5
7.891
−0.343
100
10
71.5
High latitudes, near the central meridian, long distance, orientation 1
80
−2.5
80.881
−1.519
100
10
3.8
High latitudes, far from the central meridian, long distance, orientation 1
