Enhancing Business Sustainability and Competitive Advantage by Using a Strategic Mathematical Computing Model
Table 7
Interpreting effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and comparison of participants with/without individual involvement in the cost reduction.
Variable
M
SD
T
Df
Cohen’s d
Effect size
Rank for profit contribution
0.46
106
0.65
0.08
—
Individual personally involved
3.74
0.81
Individual not personally involved
3.80
0.62
Rank for revenue generation
1.06
97.35
0.29
0.20
—
Individual personally involved
2.57
0.89
Individual not personally involved
2.73
0.68
Rank for company (organisation) reputation
0.25
92.80
0.80
0.05
—
Individual personally involved
0.77
1.07
Individual not personally involved
0.82
0.75
Rank for quality assurance
0.61
106
0.54
0.12
—
Individual personally involved
2.00
0.68
Individual not personally involved
2.09
0.84
Rank for people management
−1.89
106.00
0.06
−0.37
Small
Individual personally involved
0.91
1.04
Individual not personally involved
0.56
0.83
n = 61 participants with personal involvement and 82 participants without personal involvement. Effect sizes as “small, d = 0.2”, “medium, d = 0.5,” and “large, d = 0.8” defined by Cohen [59]; n = 90 and 53 participants from service and manufacturing, respectively. Source: authors.
