Investigating the Effective Factors of Renewable Energy Development in Tehran Metropolis

Arasteh Taleshmekaiil, Mohammad Reza; Khatibi, Seyed Mohammad Reza; Mohemsaz, Mona; Azimi, Mohammad Hossein; Sadeghpour, Ali

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6636955

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Operations Research in Engineering Problems: Potential Applications and Perspectives

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 6636955 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6636955

Investigating the Effective Factors of Renewable Energy Development in Tehran Metropolis

Mohammad Reza Arasteh Taleshmekaiil,¹Seyed Mohammad Reza Khatibi,^1,2Mona Mohemsaz,³Mohammad Hossein Azimi,²and Ali Sadeghpour⁴

Academic Editor: Noorbakhsh Amiri Golilarz

Received26 Dec 2020

Revised07 Feb 2021

Accepted18 Feb 2021

Published08 Mar 2021

Abstract

To prepare for the urban development of 2.5 billion people by 2050, the development of low-carbon, resilient, and liveable urban settlements is crucial. Not only do metropolises contribute to global climate change by rapidly emitting and increasing emissions but they themselves are very fragile and vulnerable to these changes. The purpose of this study is to optimize a model for the development of renewable energies in Tehran City and its application in different sectors to achieve sustainability. The research method is according to the type of the applied-developmental study. Information is based on documentation and field methods. Data were collected using a questionnaire from 76 experts and analysed using MICMAC software. The results indicate the fact that the use of public and specific stimuli and incentives for electricity producers to use renewable energy will accelerate the development of renewable energy at the urban level. In order to improve the existing situation, the unsustainable model can be offered to change the situation in favour of the use of new energy at the regional level. Based on the research results, in general, patterns of deployment and development of renewable energies are grouped into five main groups: the use of financial instruments, the use of legal instruments, the development of technology, education and awareness-raising that urban sustainability in the energy sector can be considered based on these four pillars.

1. Introduction

The path taken today to use modern energy to achieve sustainable development goals can be seen as a scientific challenge for its realization in the modern age [1]. With their ever-expanding development, today’s cities are large parts of Iran’s metropolises’ energy consumption and not exemplary. A metropolis like Tehran, accounting for only less than 12% of the country, accounts for 15% of its air pollution level [2]. Paying attention to new approaches in the field of energy can be a viable solution to many urban biodiversity problems in the future. There are many related areas and technologies that can be used for this aim, such as sensor fusion systems [3], intelligent damage detection [4–6], monitoring systems [7–10], parameters optimization [11], optimization [12], smart grid [13], computer vision systems [14], power allocation systems [15], image and video processing [16–21], and decision-making approaches [22–24].

According to the Tehran Electricity Distribution Company, Tehran city consumes about 20% of the country’s total electricity. These statistics show that the need to pay attention to other energy production aspects can be an inevitable necessity. Tehran has serious problems with the supply and distribution of pollution in the energy production and consumption sector. Meanwhile, renewable energy as a sustainable solution in the field of energy production and pollution of urban air in recent years has received much attention. Renewable energies are energies with a sustainable production process and continuous replacement capability, which according to this definition, the process of sustainable production is the use of natural or artificial cycles that can continuously convert raw materials into the desired energy and if there is any an operation or need for storage, can be capable of continuous replacement [25].

Urban development can be considered as a multidimensional concept that includes economic, social, and environmental approaches. Management problems in this process always exist between the urban space, stakeholders, and urban infrastructure. This complexity requires multidimensional approaches and specific quantitative or qualitative methods to analyse and synthesize various aspects of transformation processes, from environmental impacts on urban renewal to energy impacts, economic development, and development strategies. Sustainable energy systems are always in complex communication with the community and the development of technical infrastructure. The successful development of a sustainable energy system depends on social acceptance, market dynamics, regulations and policies, and different producer groups’ support. Natural energy sources such as solar energy are increasing due to the high potential of exploitation and use as sources of heating, air conditioning, and electricity and can be reduced by developing fossil fuel consumption. As a major source of sustainable energy, benefits bring a lot to the community [26–28].

Energy production and consumption have some considerations, which directly affect the sustainability of the urban environment. In fact, the depletion of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions due to the oil and coal-based model or the occupation of natural spaces for centralized reproduction models should be considered. Rather, energy production costs are also increasing. These costs affect the income statement, in economic activities, which may include variable value regarding the total cost of energy production, between 5 and 40 percent of total costs that are more in terms of cost of energy production and service delivery [29–32].

Generally, energy efficiency is defined as the relationship between production, services, and energy costs [33]. Therefore, through energy efficiency, energy saving by maintaining the same energy consumption as expected without reduction, production and comfort levels, guaranteed supply, sustainability, and environmental protection are also available as desirable targets. This sustainability process involves saving various energy sources used, such as oil, coal, and natural gas [34, 35].

Developing the application of renewable energy technologies is becoming a strategic option given the reduction of greenhouse gases as a global energy source. During the last two decades, the use of new energies has been considered in two parts. The first is related to the direct production of heat, and the second is related to the production of electricity [36]. According to the UN Environment Program in 2016, households consume about 40% of the world’s energy. This volume of energy consumption in Iran is mainly from the consumption of seasonal resources that emit a large volume of greenhouse gases, which in large cities such as Tehran in Iran causes a lot of air pollution. Iran is one of the top 10 countries in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, with rapid urbanization and migration. Industrial growth and socio-political developments are the main factors in the rapid growth of cities [37, 38].

The study on the energy consumption of urban households and CO₂ emissions in a country like Iran with a population of more than 80 million people and a neutralization rate of 3.5% is important [39]. Fossil fuel groups (coal, oil, and natural gas) are used worldwide as the main energy source, which also comprises a very high percentage of primary energy that includes the areas of scarcity and rising prices in this segment of resources. Therefore, it can be said that the current power system has problems on its own, which has uncontrollable environmental consequences and numerous negative environmental consequences (climate change, greenhouse effect, acid rain, and deforestation) and geopolitical instability [40, 41]. That change in this traditional system due to the existing problems such as cities’ physical development, population growth, industrial development, and biological pollution can provide planners with a sustainable solution through the use of new energies.

Although fossil fuels are still a major source of energy in cities, the use of renewable energy as a fundamental solution to metropolitan areas’ problems is becoming increasingly urgent [30]. Many renewable energy technologies, such as photovoltaic panels, small wind turbines, micro turbines, and gas engines, are increasingly being integrated into power distribution systems [42] and can be used in urban areas.

Extensive use of renewable energy is a new approach in urban planning in order to achieve sustainable urban development. The development of low-carbon cities is one of the most important executive approaches in this field. Depending on the resources available in each geographical area, the type of use of renewable energy is different and requires its own scenarios.

In a study by Child et al., two transition pathways towards a 100% renewable energy (RE) power sector by 2050 are simulated for Europe using the LUT energy system transition model. The first is a region scenario, whereby regions are modelled independently, and the second is an area scenario, which has transmission interconnections between regions [6].

Future technologies such as homogeneous systems and biomass heating in cities are characterized by energy saving and high energy efficiency. Developmental research on renewable energy models in urban areas has become a necessity for achieving a sustainable energy system. Many cities around the world have expressed their commitment to 100% energy use from these clean sources, and it is predicted that by 2025, cities like Copenhagen and Munich will be able to source electricity from renewable sources. As such, these cities can be considered as zero-carbon cities. According to the Tehran city council resolution, Tehran’s municipality is obliged to change the use of electricity to 20% by using public energy. During this time, Tehran’s waste incinerator has been set up to generate 3 MWh (Megawatt hour) of electricity. In addition to equipping many of Tehran’s public spaces with solar panels, Tehran’s municipality has implemented extensive policies to provide 20% of the city’s public electricity with renewable energy. Today, the use of green energy in urban areas reflects areas where the scientific community of large-scale urban renewable energy production is interested as a solution for sustainable energy development. Because it can be considered sustainable solutions to meet the growing demand for energy in cities and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as an important principle of sustainability in energy issues, research is essential to achieving energy efficiency and profitability in sustainable renewables over time, and its use in urban areas can be considered one of the most important energies and urbanization challenges of today [42–49].

Today, the use of renewable energy in urban areas is a field that is considered by urban planners. Extensive use of renewable energy in urban areas on a large scale is assumed to be a solution for sustainable energy development, both to meet the growing energy needs of cities and to reduce carbon emissions. To access these efficient, profitable, and sustainable energy sources, it is necessary to increase the technical capabilities, investment, public awareness, and responsibilities of governments. Then, by considering an ideal condition for the development of these energies in urban areas, a model for its development can be presented.

The present study explores the potential for utilization and coverage of various renewable energy sources and the practical implementation of related technologies for the security of sustainable development in the Tehran metropolis. Many city-states face many problems in their metropolises, but commonalities can be found in the development of renewable energy. Research and development funds are allocated for the application of these energies in cities. However, this is not common and is not supported in many countries, which in turn slows down innovation in this area. In Iran, especially in metropolises such as Tehran, subsidies and incentive policies are often in conflict with each other. Contrary to conventional global policies, policies aimed at promoting renewable energy technologies in Iran are constantly changing, and despite the tendency to take this approach, the policies run counter to the public interest and discourage acceptance. When the incentives to use this type of energy in society are eliminated, private companies that provide services and develop the technical sector will also go bankrupt. Also, the ever-changing subsidies and legal barriers to employment are increasingly making it difficult to access renewable energy projects. In Tehran, excessive air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, high energy consumption, and a high potential for renewable energy have always been an incentive to develop this type of energy. But so far, this has not happened due to the problems mentioned. Recognizing the challenges of this creature and providing appropriate solutions can overcome these obstacles.

2. Research Method

This study seeks to identify the factors affecting the utilization of new energy at urban levels, emphasizing Tehran’s District 4. The research method is applied-developmental. This research tries to determine the potential of applying the new energy and presenting the most optimal strategies in the Tehran 4 area. Accordingly, the research data gathering tool, conducted in 1977, is based on documentary and field methods. To select the main and measurable variables for problem analysis, books, theses, and related articles were studied. Moreover, after identifying different metrics for utilizing and evaluating the potential of new energies, following the comments of professors and experts in the field, three main dimensions (solar, wind, and geothermal) were selected in the areas of applicability and productivity, which are analysed based on the MICMAC analytical method in statistical analysis. The research’s statistical population is specialists and experts in the field of development and utilization of new energies. The selected sample is 76 people, that the questionnaire was developed to investigate the interrelationships of each of the indicators in relation to each other as a matrix and distributed among them. The target population is Ph.D. graduates in civil engineering, urban planning, energy economics, geography, and urban planning and experts with at least 8 years’ experience in the field of modern energy development in Tehran municipality New Energy Organization of Tehran. Of the statistical sample, 76 have indicated their readiness to participate in this study. The sample survey comments were present at all stages of the research, and that is why the type of sampling is considered integer. The descriptive characteristics of the statistical sample in question are given in Table 1.

2.1. Study Area

Tehran Region 4 is located on the southern slope of Alborz Range and northeast of Tehran Metropolis and is the largest and most populous area among the 22 districts of Tehran. This area covers an area of 6123.9 hectares with a population of 917261 (in 2015). According to these figures, this specific area covers 7.2% of the total area and 10.5% of the population of Tehran metropolis. Tehran District 4 has 9 districts and 20 neighbourhoods, and after District 22, it has the largest privacy limit. This area is bounded on the north by Area 1 and on the west by Anchor Street at Area 1 and in the Pasdaran by Area 3, on the south by the Resalat Street border at Districts 7 and 8, and near Damavand St. by District 13, on the south. Thus, District 4 has zones 1, 3, 7, 8, and 13 in common and adjacent bodies (http://www.amar.org.ir). In terms of land use in Region 4, 11.1% and 10.5%, respectively, of the city’s textured area and 18% of the open and green areas and its expandable lands are much more than other areas of Tehran, respectively. The existence of Sorkheh Hesar, Lawizan, and Lashkara Parks has added to the attractiveness of the area and its contribution to regional performance levels. The presence of East Tehran’s industrial district has increased the possibilities for job creation, production, and added to the trans-regional physical mobility [50].

2.2. Data Analysis

2.2.1. The Pattern of Deployment of New Energy for Sustainable Development in the District 4 of Tehran

Looking at the future and its alternatives is very difficult for humankind to live in a society of constant change. Scriptwriting is perhaps the most crucial foresight methodology that can model the probable futures that are structured to reflect different organizations and systems’ futures. Because of its efficiency in time uncertainty and complexity, this technique is a valuable tool that helps organizations prepare for possible futures, and it makes organizations more flexible and innovative.

In this research, after identifying the issue, the key factors and drivers related to modern energy application in the 4^th district of Tehran 41 (with 76 experts of urban affairs and modern energy development) were investigated. Then, the key factors and driving forces were rated based on the degree of significance and uncertainty; the rating scale (0 = trivial, 1 = weak, 2 = moderate, 3 = strong, = potential impact) was used to determine the significance of the responses. At the beginning of the discussion, we consider the title given that there are a large number of cases (41 cases) in the process of running the software and each one with a code which are illustrated in Table 2. Each of these factors is assigned codes from 1 to 41. The 4141 matrix was formed and analysed in the MICMAC software based on the mean scores given to the propellants. Of the 1681 relationships evaluated in this matrix, 771 were zero. 549 number one relationships, 291 two relationships, and 51 three and 19 P relationships had a potential impact. Matrices based on a statistical index with data rotation twice were 100% desirable and optimized, which indicates the high validity of the questionnaire and its answers (Tables 3 and 4).

At the end of every matrix, the quantity of repetition must be aligned towards a certain limit. Based on the number of adjustments, the correct classification of criteria is formed. Finally, with the impact and dependence of these criteria, the MDI matrix is obtained.

3. Direct Indicator (MDI) and Indirect Impact Matrix (MII)

Indirect impact matrix (MII) is consistent with direct impact matrix (MDI), which increases with the power of repetition by continuous repetitions. From this matrix, the new classification of variables emphasizes the most important variables of the system. In fact, because of the matrix multiplication program applied to indirect classification, it detects a hidden variable. This program examines the effects of feedback by methods and loops of feedback and thus based on a hierarchical set of variables. In the order of influence, given the number of paths and loops of length 1, 2, ..., N created by any variable; given the number of paths and loops of length 1, 2, ..., N in each variable, respectively, dependence. In general, the classification is multiplied by 3, 4, or 5.

3.1. Direct Impact Matrix (MDI Matrix)

As previously mentioned, 41 driving factors, each identified in the software as a code, form the study’s basis. According to the cases mentioned earlier, each index’s status can be distinguished by the position of the distribution of the indexes and their position in the influence-matrix of the direct effects matrix. Thus, the indicators’ distribution map shows that eleven indicators (code 1, 10, 13, 15, 21, 24, 28, 30, 31, 37, and 38) are the impacts of the indicators on the system. Indicators in this area of the chart have the most impact and the least impact, and as the most critical indicators, the status of the system and its changes depend on them. The identified indicators are system inputs, and the system cannot control them because they are out of the system and act as stable indicators.

3.1.1. Bidirectional Indicators

Seven indicators (code 3, 4, 5, 11, 19, 32, and 41) are identifiable as bidirectional indicators in the system. It means that, at the same time, they are influential and effective, and their nature is unstable. So, every action and change on them will cause a reaction and change on another.

3.1.2. Risk Indicators

Risk indicators are indexes (code 4, 5, 11, and 32); that is, they have a very high capacity to become key players in the system, and because of their unstable nature, they have the potential to become a breakpoint of the system (application of new energy at the urban level).

3.1.3. Target Indicators

Code 3, 19, and 41 are introduced as target indicators. These indicators are more than influential and can be identified with acceptable certainty due to system evolution. The system changes and evolves in the desired direction. Therefore, these indicators represent the targets set in the system rather than displaying a predetermined result.

3.1.4. Influential or Affiliate Indicators

Influential or affiliate indicators (codes 6 and 33), with low impact and high effectiveness, are system-dependent indicators that are very sensitive to the evolution of two-way variables. These indicators can be considered as system output.

3.1.5. Independent and Exempt Indicators

Independent and exempt indicators (codes 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40) are identified as independent system indicators. That means, these indicators are not significantly affected by other system indicators, and they have little or no effect on them. These indicators have very little to do with the system. Thus, they do not stop the main indicator nor evolve a variable in the system.

3.1.6. Among These Indicators

Discrete indicators: the position of the power generation index at peak hours (code 2) indicates that it has nothing to do with the dynamics and current changes of the system in terms of applying new energy to sustain the region, and they can be logged out of the system.

3.1.7. Leverage and Secondary Indicators

The leverage and secondary indicators (codes, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 7, 18, 23, 26, 27, 29, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40) are more than influential since they have a strong influence on the system and have leverage in its dynamics, and they can be of particular interest as a starting point to start.

3.1.8. Regulatory Indicators

Regulatory indicators (codes 20, 17, and 22) in area 4 of the diagram can act as secondary leverage, weak targets, or secondary biomarkers. Finally, Figure 1 shows a graphical representation of the indicators studied concerning the pattern of renewable energy use in Tehran’s District 4 area. In this figure, the direct effects of the indicators on other indicators of the system are specified. How indicators affect the weakest effects, weak effects, intermediate effects, strong effects, and potential effects is visible.

3.2. Indirect Impact Matrix (MII Matrix)

By the application, indirect effects of each index have been raised to the powers of 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. As a result, the indirect effects of each index were calculated using the renewable energy models. It has been measured at level 4 of Tehran city. The indicators’ indirect interaction matrices (codes 3, 4, 10, 19, 28, and 32) have more influence and impact than other variables. The results show the high impact of these six indicators on the system. These indicators can have a greater impact on the use of new energy and make it one of the most influential indicators. The distribution of indexes and their position on the damage axis, the indirect effects of the Matrix on the condition of each index, with their position on the axis, are as follows.

3.2.1. Influential Indicators

The map of the index distribution indicates that the matrix of indirect effects with the codes of 1, 10, 13, 20, 24, 28, 30, 31, and 38 is the most effective indices.

3.2.2. Bidirectional Indicators

Nine indicators (codes 3, 4, 5, 19) are identifiable as bidirectional indicators in the system. It means that they are very effective at the same time, and their nature is mixed with instability. So, every action and change on them will cause a reaction and change on another.

3.2.3. Risk Indicators

The energy resource utilization indicator with lower cost and higher productivity (code 11) is known as the only risk indicator in the system; that is, they have a very high capacity to become key players in the system, and because of their unstable nature, they have the potential to become a breakpoint of the system (the application of new energy at the municipal level).

3.2.4. Target Indicators

Codes 32 and 41 are introduced as target indicators. This means that in this matrix no indicator can be identified with certainty as a result of the evolution of the system to achieve the desired pattern changes and evolution.

3.2.5. Affective or Dependent Indicators

As with the direct effects matrix, the matrices (codes 14, 33, and 40) have low-impact and high-impact indicators, which are very sensitive to the evolution of two-way variables. These indicators can be considered as system output.

3.2.6. Independent and Exempt Indicators

Independent and exempt indicators around the graph axis in area 1 are identified as independent system indicators. This means that these indicators are not significantly influenced by other system indicators and have little or no effect on them. These indicators have very little to do with the system because they do not stop the main indicator nor evolve a variable in the system.

3.2.7. Discrete Indicators

The position of the power output indicator at peak hours (code 2) indicates that the position of the power output index at peak hours (code 2) has nothing to do with the current dynamics and changes of the system in the application of modern energy in order to sustain the region, and they can be logged out of the system.

3.2.8. Leverage and Secondary Indicators

Leverage and secondary indicators (codes 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 35, 36 and 39) have a strong impact on the system, rather than being effective and have leverage role in its dynamics, and they can be of particular interest as a starting point to start.

3.2.9. Regulatory Indicators

Regulatory indicators (codes 6, 15, 17, 21, and 22) can actually act as secondary leverage, weak targets, or secondary risk indicators around the centre of the chart.

Finally, Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of the indicators studied in relation to new energy utilization pattern in the Tehran area 4 based on the indirect matrix. Indirect effects of indicators on other system indicators are illustrated in this figure. How indicators affect the weakest effects, weak effects, intermediate effects, strong effects, and potential effects is visible.

Figure 3 shows the potential direct and indirect effects of the indicators evaluated. As can be seen, in addition to the relationships between the indices, there are also potential relationships between them that can be used in the final analysis to develop a model for the use of modern energy for sustainable development. As can be seen, the indicators (code 4) (code 3) (code 6) (code 41) (code 19) are assigned. As mentioned, these codes have the highest priority.

3.3. Identify the Strategic Variables in the Chart

Strategic variables can be manipulated and affect the dynamics and change of the system. With this description, variables that have a very high impact but cannot be controlled cannot be considered a strategic variable. Assuming the status chart of variables as a coordinate network, the variables in zone 2 have such a situation, and planners can rarely change these variables. As shown in the diagram, variables located in zone 3 of the coordinate network have a very low impact on the system, and they cannot be considered strategic variables. Zone 4 variables also have no strategic relevance due to their strong dependence on other variables, and they are often the result of other variables. However, the coordinate network’s zone 1 variables are strategic variables because they are both manageable by the management system and have an acceptable impact on the system. The closer we get from the end of zone 3 to the end of zone 1 of the coordinate network, the greater the variable’s importance and strategic importance. Thus, by providing explanations and examining the indicators related to the research’s nature, identifying the influential indicators in presenting the proposed model of application of modern energy in District 4 of Tehran is discussed. According to the explanation of Figure 4, in the matrix, the direct effects of indices (codes 3, 5, 11, 19, 32, and 41), are almost the priorities of the direct matrix which are key indicators of the model.

3.4. System Stability and Instability

The distribution of variables within the graph indicates the degree of stability or instability of the system. If the variables are in the form of L in the graph, the system is stable, and this state of the system indicates the stability of the influencing variables and their persistence over the other variables. If the variables are scattered from the coordinate axis to the bottom of the graph, the system is unstable, and the lack of effective variables threatens the system. Figure 5 shows the schematic representation of stable and unstable systems.

As can be seen, Figure 6 illustrates the unstable situation of District 4 of Tehran in the current situation for the use of new energy at the urban level. In order to improve the status situation, considering the results of this study and the software outputs and taking into account the factors driving and prioritizing them, a sustainable model can be put in place to change the situation in favour of the use of new energy at the regional level.

4. Conclusion

Patterns have so far been proposed for modern energy use at different levels, based on existing approaches. In this study, MICMAC software was used to provide a model for applying renewable energies in District 4 of Tehran to provide a precise model based on sound strategies. The general and significant results of this model show that the development of renewable energies is not a path that an organ or government can implement alone, and it requires the involvement of the whole community. Here are two types of short-term planning in which more emphasis is placed on competitiveness in the use of renewable energy technologies and the development of the market for distributed electricity generation from renewable energies. Also, in long-term planning, renewable energy finds its main path and will be completely integrated into the national energy planning process. Renewable energy producers will increasingly be competing with other alternative energy sources based on the cost of the product. Based on the research results, generally, the pattern of utilization and development of renewable energies can be classified into five main groups: financial instruments utilization, use of legal tools, technology development, education and awareness-raising.

The use of appropriate financial instruments provides an appropriate level of investment in newer technologies to develop renewable and sustainable energy programs, which will be compared with the potential of national renewable resources. In this regard, together with international resources, public resources will be guided appropriately in meeting these objectives. Furthermore, the right investment space will attract foreign and local investors. International financial institutions can guarantee the creation of new power plants and facilities around the world by providing resources and credits. These institutions play an important role in determining the future composition of energy sources through direct lending, credit guarantees, or policy guidance.

The purpose of applying legal instruments is to develop, implement, and maintain an effective legal system to develop renewable energy, which has been emphasized in this study. In this regard, an appropriate legal framework for pricing and tariff structure should be designed to support the renewable energy coalition in the energy economy and to attract investors. Furthermore, this legal framework should be able to encourage independent power producers and local producers of liquid and gas fuels to use renewable resources in their systems. In Iran, parliament as the legislator’s reference in the creation of national laws related to renewable energies and in the energy, debate at national and international level plays a fundamental role that the most important of these are as follows:(i)Adopting laws to increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s energy basket(ii)Ensuring that new government commitments to increase the share of renewable energy are announced(iii)Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies(iv)Trying to reform the tax system(v)Moreover, promoting energy efficiency programs

The development of sustainable renewable energy technologies with appropriate standards is another important strategy in developing renewable energy use. In this regard, local research and development and production should be encouraged to promote renewable energy technology’s optimal use. Also, the application of machine learning, such as models in [53–55], and neural network models such as models in [56–61] is welcomed to detect the relation among the crucial components for developing renewable energy.

Public awareness, empowerment, and education strategy require the use of mechanisms to raise public awareness of the benefits and opportunities of renewable energy to increase its use and develop its market by disseminating information on the economic, environmental, social, and commercial benefits of renewable energy technologies. The government and related government institutions should be encouraged to promote educational programs in this field. Communication between national, provincial, and local government agencies on renewable energy policies can play a decisive role in this relationship. Meantime, the mass media determine the quality of information presentation and dissemination. In this regard, the mass media in the field of renewable energies perform the following tasks: taking into account the social and environmental aspects of reporting, introducing the benefits of renewable energies and environmental damage and human health from fossil fuels, news coverage of renewable energies and its introduction as an appropriate solution to the climate change problem, and an effective factor in sustainable development.

There are several future directions that we recommend for other researchers. The optimization approaches such as methods in [62–70] can be applied to address the efficacy and detecting the most effective sustainable development factors for a case study. Also, feature selection methods are required as a preprocessing step [71–78] for detecting the most effective and sustainable development factors. Another direction that we will investigate is an exploratory analysis using optimized prediction tasks as developed in [79–83] and optimization algorithms as proposed in [84–88].

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This study did not take any specific grant from funding organisations in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Copyright © 2021 Mohammad Reza Arasteh Taleshmekaiil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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