Ultimate Limit Design of Strengthened Steel Columns by Mortar-Filled FRP Tubes

Figure 2

Typical failure modes of strengthened specimens: (a) FRP-tube splitting; (b) FRP-tube splitting restrained by FRP fabrics; (c) FRP-fabrics rupture; (d) local buckling at end of steel member; (e) global buckling.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)