Modeling NOx Emissions with an Intelligent Combinatorial Algorithm

Table 5

Results of data preprocessing.

Model	Method	MAPE	RMSE	MAE	R^2
BP	Raw	0.042456	12.77	8.8601	0.87336
	Denoised	0.021922	6.7636	4.6308	0.96564
Elman	Raw	0.05083	14.941	10.53	0.82287
	Denoised	0.037648	10.737	7.9483	0.91276
ELM	Raw	0.04226	13.382	8.9012	0.85688
	Denoised	0.030312	9.2816	6.4739	0.93255
LSSVM	Raw	0.033494	11.15	7.0784	0.90009
	Denoised	0.017279	5.7475	3.7111	0.97412
MICA	Raw	0.019025	7.7413	4.0409	0.95192
	Denoised	0.0093577	3.8705	2.0177	0.98827