Coupling Coordinated Evolution and Forecast of Tourism-Urbanization-Ecological Environment: The Case Study of Chongqing, China

Table 2

Index system used for evaluating the relationship between tourism, urbanization, and the eco-environment.

Systems	First-level indicator	Second-level indicator	Unit	Weight	Nature	Interpretation	Reference
Tourism system	Market size	Number of domestic tourists	10,000 people	0.110 7	+	Reflects the scale of domestic tourism market	[22, 29]
		Number of inbound tourists	People	0.109 4	+	Reflects the scale of foreign tourism market	[22, 29]
	Tourism economy	Income from domestic tourism	100 million yuan	0.113 1	+	Reflects the tourism economy	[22, 29]
		Income from tourist foreign exchange	10,000 dollars	0.110 0	+	Reflects the tourism economy	[22, 27]
	Tourism resources	Per capita green space	m^2	0.106 2	+	Reflects the per capita greening degree	[21, 27]
		Number of A-level scenic spots	Unit	0.114 2	+	Reflects the richness of tourism resources	[27, 29]
	Tourism services	Number of star hotels	Unit	0.123 5	+	Reflects the number of tourist receptions	[27, 29]
		Number of travel agencies	Unit	0.107 6	+	Reflects the number of tourist receptions	[29–31]
		Travel agency employees	People	0.105 2	+	Reflects the number of travel agency employees	[30]
Urbanization system	Economic urbanization	GDP	100 million yuan	0.030 5	+	Reflects the overall degree of economic development	[30]
		Per capita GDP	Yuan	0.030 4	+	Reflects the average degree of economic development	[22, 32]
		Per capita disposable income of urban residents	Yuan	0.030 8	+	Reflects disposable income per capita of urban residents	[21, 22]
		The total retail sales of social consumer goods	10,000 yuan	0.031 1	+	Reflects the sales of physical goods in the whole society	[27]
		Added value of the secondary industry	100 million yuan	0.030 5	+	Reflects the increased output value of the secondary industry over the previous year	[27]
		Proportion of secondary industry to GDP	%	0.036 0	—	Reflects the development level of the secondary industry	[21, 22]
		Proportion of output value of tertiary industry to GDP	%	0.029 0	+	Reflects the development level of the tertiary industry	[22, 31]
		Proportion of secondary and tertiary industries to GDP	%	0.030 4	+	Reflects the sum of the output value of the secondary and tertiary industries as a proportion of GDP	[27]
		Added value of the tertiary industry	100 million yuan	0.031 5	+	Reflects the added value of the tertiary industry	[27]
		Proportion of value added of the tertiary industry	%	0.030 2	+	Reflects the proportion of added value of the tertiary industry	[32]
		Contribution rate of the tertiary industry	%	0.032 1	+	Reflects the contribution rate of the tertiary industry	[23]
	Population urbanization	Urbanization rate	%	0.031 0	+	Reflects the proportion of urban population to total population	[30]
		Natural population growth	%	0.035 8	+	Reflects the growth rate of the total population	[23, 30]
		Urban population	10,000 people	0.030 8	+	Reflects the urban population	[27, 33]
		Social employment	10,000 people	0.029 4	+	Reflects the social labor force	, [30]
		Proportion of employees in the secondary industry	%	0.029 0	+	Reflects the number of employees in the secondary industry	[30]
		Proportion of employees in the tertiary industry	%	0.034 1	+	Reflects the number of employees in the tertiary industry	[21, 22]
		Urban employment	10,000 people	0.030 1	+	Reflects the urban labor force	[27]
		Urban registered unemployment rate	%	0.028 6	—	Reflects the urban unemployment rate population	[27]
	Spatial urbanization	Built-up area	km^2	0.029 8	+	Reflects the degree of city construction	[31, 33]
		Urban road area	10,000 m^2	0.030 7	+	Reflects urban road construction	[23, 30]
		Highway mileage	km	0.031 0	+	Reflects the degree of urban highway construction	[27]
	Social urbanization	Engel index of urban households	%	0.035 3	+	Reflects the quality of life for urban residents	[33]
		Number of medical institutions	Unit	0.028 7	+	Reflects medical security	[23]
		Number of health technicians	People	0.030 5	+	Reflects the number of medical service personnel	[27]
		Number of health technicians per 10,000 people	People	0.030 7	+	Reflects the distribution of medical resources	[33]
		Number of doctors	10,000 people	0.030 9	+	Reflects the number of doctors	[30]
		Total investment in fixed assets	10,000 yuan	0.030 9	+	Reflects the level of investment in urban construction	, [31]
		Investment in real estate development	10,000 yuan	0.030 0	+	Reflects real estate development	[30]
	Cultural urbanization	Number of college students	People	0.030 7	+	Reflects training talent	[32],
		Number of libraries	Unit	0.038 4	+	Reflects the degree of urban civilization	[23]
		Patent grants	10,000 pieces	0.031 1	+	Reflects the development of science and technology	[30]
Ecological environment system	Eco-environmental pressure	Industrial sulfur dioxide emissions	10,000 t	0.087 0	—	Reflects sulfur dioxide emissions (the more emissions, the worse the environment)	[23, 32]
		Total industrial wastewater discharge	10,000 t	0.066 3	—	Reflects the amount of industrial wastewater discharge (the more discharge, the worse the environment)	[32]
		Total industrial exhaust emissions	10,000 t	0.070 2	—	Reflects industrial emissions (the more emissions, the worse the environment)	[21, 23]
		Production of industrial solid waste	10,000 t	0.070 7	—	Reflects the volume of industrial solid waste produced(the more production, the worse the environment)	[33]
		Industrial smoke and dust emissions	10,000 t	0.076 7	—	Reflects industrial smoke emissions (the more emissions, the worse the environment)	[30, 31]
	Eco-environmental response	Investment in pollution treatment projects completed this year	10,000 yuan	0.071 8	+	Reflect the effectiveness of environmental governance	[29]
		Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste	%	0.071 6	+	Reflects the ability to recycle and reuse industrial solid waste	[30]
	Eco-environmental state	Good air quality days	Day	0.071 1	+	Reflects urban air quality	[30]
		Total water supply	10,000 m^2	0.072 0	+	Reflects urban water supply capacity	[32]
		Total energy consumption	10,000 t	0.069 0	+	Reflects urban energy supply capacity	[30]
		Total amount of urban natural gas	10,000 m^2	0.072 1	+	Reflect the city's natural gas supply capacity	[29]
		Area of nature reserves	100 km^2	0.098 4	+	Reflects urban ecological resources	[29, 33]
		Ratio of protected area to area of jurisdiction	%	0.103 0	+	Reflects urban greening	[23, 31]