Significance of Thermophoretic and Brownian Motion on MHD Nanofluids Flow towards a Circular Cylinder under the Inspiration of Multiple Slips: An Industrial Application

Majeed, Aaqib; Zubair, Muhammad; Khan, Adnan; Muhammad, Taseer; Alqarni, M.S.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8634185

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 8634185 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8634185

Significance of Thermophoretic and Brownian Motion on MHD Nanofluids Flow towards a Circular Cylinder under the Inspiration of Multiple Slips: An Industrial Application

Aaqib Majeed,¹Muhammad Zubair,²Adnan Khan,²Taseer Muhammad,³and M.S. Alqarni³

Academic Editor: Constantin Fetecau

Received07 Jun 2021

Revised28 Aug 2021

Accepted07 Sept 2021

Published13 Oct 2021

Abstract

In this article, MHD flow of silver/water nanofluid past a stretched cylinder under the impact of thermal radiation with chemical reaction and slip condition is studied. The impact of Soret and Dufour effect is also analyzed during this flow. The uniqueness of the given problem is enlarged with the insertion of variable magnetic field, free stream velocity, thermal slip condition, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The PDEs are converted to ODEs by using suitable similarity transformation. The nonlinear system of ODEs is solved by applying convergent homotopy analysis method (HAM). The velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles for the free stream and at the plate are discussed through graphs and numerical tables. It is found that velocity field reduces, while the temperature profile rises for the increasing values of magnetic parameter. It is examined that effects of curvature on frication factor are increasing. Furthermore, temperature profile increases for greater Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. Transfer of heat enhances decreasing the radius of the cylinder also with heat generation parameter. The skin friction can be reduced by enhancing free stream and wall stretching velocities ratio. Velocity profile of the flow can be controlled by enhancing velocity slip and magnetic field.

1. Introduction

It is acknowledged that the progress in the human culture mostly depends on the sources of energy. Therefore, energy is utilized by the researchers in the universe for various functions so that the human being can take benefit from it. The sun is a source of energy which is used by the specialists and researchers in different technologies for the purpose of thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer. When the solar energy reaches the Earth, it is approximately . Solar energy is 2000 times more powerful than the world's total energy use. Choi [1] was the first to introduce the term nanofluid. Nanofluids are made up of nanoparticles and base fluid flows. Choi came to the conclusion that a relatively small amount of nanoparticles can have a huge impact on heat generation processes. Choi discovered that, by utilizing silver nanoparticles, the thermal conductivity and convective heat of liquid will be double. Nanoparticles can be round, rod-like, or tabular in shape. The impact of Soret and Dufour effect on MHD for the study of convective radiation and mass transfer was studied by Pal et al. [2]. MHD is abbreviated as the magnetohydrodynamics, which deals with the study of magnetic properties and the behavior of electrically conductive fluid. Examples of such magnetofluids are plasma, liquid metals, salt water, and electrolytes. The basic idea behind the MHD is that magnetic fields can induce current in a movable conductive fluid, which in turn polarizes the fluid and reciprocally changes the magnetic field itself. Hussain et al. [3] investigated the magnetic movement of Jeffrey nanoparticles caused by increasing the power overstretched layer in the presence of heat resistance. Impact of MHD on the porous medium was studied by Bhattacharyya and Layek [4]. Rashidi et al. [5] investigated the behavior of magnetic flow of nanoparticles sizes with the generation of thermal heat due to the rotatory motion of the disk. Mabood and Mastroberardino [6] also examined the behavior of nanoparticles and heat transport of magnetic field. Hayat et al. [7] studied the impact of magnetic field to obtain the equilibrium viscosity in the nanofluid and talked about the solar heating system and its heat generation. Shafiq et al. [8] studied the influence of nonlinear thermal radiation on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy-Forchheimer Casson-water nanofluid flow on a circular disk. Rasool and Shafiq [9] worked on the MHD, heat sink/source, and convective boundary conditions in artificially receptive radiative Powell-Eyring nanofluid stream through Darcy channel utilizing a nonlinearly extending sheet/surface. A double substance response term is considered in the model. Nonlinear radiation is accounted for inside the stream. The model includes impact of warmth sink/source. Alotaibi et al. [10] presented the impact of heat generation and suction on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of Casson nanofluid on a nonstretching surface in two dimensions. Abd Elazem and Nader [11] demonstrated that, because of its critical applications in physical science, chemistry, and designing, some interest has been given lately to investigating the boundary layer stream of magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids. The mathematical outcomes were discussed for temperature profile, concentration profile, decreased Nusselt number, and reduced Sherwood number.

One of the most important elements affecting convective heat transfer in nanofluid is its increased thermal conductivity. As a result, it is critical to investigate the notion of thermal conductivity in order to develop a good heat exchange system that allows for easy heat transfer. Thermal conductivity of silver-based nanofluid is the highest as compared to other nanofluids. The results illustrate that cylindrical nanoparticles deliver the highest thermal conductivity compared to spherical particles; also it is noticed that all particles enhance heat transfer. But if the size of nanoparticles is too small, then agglomeration takes places and again thermal conductivity decreases. Muhammad et al. [12] discussed mixed convective flow and heat with mass transfer analysis towards stretchable surface. Lio [13] considered the flow towards a permeable surface with variable thermal conductivity. Water is the most suitable selection for the cooling applications in the processes to transfer heat as it has very high heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Nanofluid has some specific property which made it suitable in many industrial and heat transfer applications [14]. The presence of magnetic field, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion is considered to contemplate the model of flow. Waqas et al. [15] mentioned the method of heat conversation in industrial usages based on the convective heat transfer which are enriched by using porous medium and magnetic field. Khan et al. [16] worked on the effect of Maxwell fluid flow on vertically upward or downward rotating disk and considered the unsteady motion in the existence of magnetic flux. Ramesh et al. [17] discussed the application of hybrid nanofluid along with the heat transfer effect for the stretched cylinders. Ramzan et al. [18] studied the heat generation or absorption and found the important impact of heat exchange rate. Sarwe and Kulkarni [19] explored the steady state of heat exchange and thermal examination of hyperbolic annular fin with the heat dependent thermal conductivity. Hosseinzadeh et al. [20] examined the chemically responsive transmitting stream by utilizing a two‐dimensional Darcy‐Forchheimer model with the convectively heated plate. The nonlinear thermal radiation is defined by Joule hating effect. Kumar et al. [21] studied the effect of thermophoretic molecule deposition and attractive dipole in the progression of Maxwell fluid on an extending sheet. Kumar et al. [22] explored to talk about the progression of a ferromagnetic viscous fluid with thermophoretic molecule deposition over an extending chamber on account of uniform heat source/sink. Venthan et al. [23] studied the progress of Bingham nanofluids at the entrance segment working as non-Newtonian nanofluids in cylindrical shaped concentric rollers have been examined. This examination could be beneficial for substance handling productions and intensified thermal preparing. Rehman et al. [24] studied the mathematical methodology to investigate the examination of associated convection and heat radiation on atomic hypothesis of fluid started nanofluid over an extendable surface.

Non-Newtonian fluids are those fluids which do not obey Newtonian law of viscosity and they vary as shear stress is proportional to the velocity gradient such that they vary to the power , where its value will not be equal to one. They are used in ink, paper pulp, wax, tomato sauce or ketchup, corn starch in water solution golden syrup, or honey, and the most obvious case is honey, which does not flow like water, coffee of solution in water, motor oil, brake fluid or clutch fluid (hydraulic fluids), for lubrication of spray. Non-Newtonian fluids are mentioned in three different ways: first is the rate type, the second one is the differential way, and the third one is a lot as integral way. In Maxwell description, the rate type has very limited scope due to its characteristic of relaxation time. While Jeffery analysis of rate type is more valid, it deals with the dual nature property, that is, relaxation and retardation of time. So, this model has the viscoelastic property which has more benefit in polymers industries [25, 26]. When the relation between heat transfer and local temperature is directly proportional, we call this statement Newtonian heating; it may also be referred to as the heat flowing between a surface and fluid inside it or outside the surface, which will occur as a result of colliding objects. Merkin [27] discussed the heat transfer phenomena in a list of four: firstly Newtonian heating, secondly the boundary condition of heat transfer rate, thirdly the heat flux for the constant surface, and the last one is for surface temperature. There are a lot of researcher works on the study of Newtonian heating [25, 28–31].

Acharya et al. [32] explored the impact of high-order chemical reaction and second-order slip on the bioconvective nanofluid involving of gyrotactic microorganism between two pressed parallel plates. For more relevant studies, see [33, 34]. Rasool et al. [35] studied the behavior of chemical reaction, thermal radiations, and Soret-Dufour influence on a steady incompressible Darcy-Forchheimer flow of nanofluids. Hosseinzadeh et al. [20] examined the chemically responsive transmitting stream by utilizing a two‐dimensional Darcy‐Forchheimer model with the convectively heated plate. The nonlinear thermal radiation is defined by Joule hating effect.

By keeping the above literature review in mind, an abundance of work is present on the nanofluid flow past a stretched cylinder but a little bit where the free stream velocity is function of spatial variable. Now here we analyzed such kind of flow under the impact of MHD, thermal radiation, and heat source. The chemical reaction is also kept in mind for the best examination in heat and mass transmission near the stagnation point. The modeled coupled set of ODEs are solved by semianalytical HAM. The graphs of the obtained results are drawn in computer-based package Mathematica and discussed comprehensively.

2. Mathematical Formulation

Here we considered 2D flow of Silver-Water nanofluid on a stretched cylinder under the impact of MHD, as can be seen in Figure 1. We assumed that the flow is steady and incompressible. In current research, the effects of chemical reaction and thermal radiation were also analyzed. In the mathematical modeling of the problem, the velocity and thermal slip boundary conditions are also taken into account. The constant magnetic field having strength is applied in the direction of cylinder radius. Here we assumed very low Reynolds number and therefore induced magnetic and electric fields are ignored. The governing equations of the flow are as follows [36–38]:

The boundary conditions of the problem are like

Here

The velocity components in the form of stream functions are defined as

3. Similarity Transformations

To transform the problem from PDEs to ODEs, we choose the similarity transformations like [36]

Here and are the velocity components along the x-axis and r-axis, respectively. The momentum profile of the flow is controlled by the physical parameters symbolized as , , , , and which are free stream velocity, kinematic viscosity of nanofluid, thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid, and density and strength of magnetic field, respectively. In the energy equation, the controlling parameters are , , , , , denoting the temperature profile, dynamic viscosity of nanofluid, shear stress, Brownian diffusion coefficient, thermophoresis diffusion parameter, and radiation of heat flux, respectively. In the concentration equation, , , , and express the concentration profile, coefficient of chemical reaction, ambient concentration, and ambient temperature, respectively. The thermophysical characteristics of the nanoparticles and base fluid are declared in Table 1, respectively.

Using the similarity transformation given in equations (8) and (9) into equations (1)–(4), the continuity equation (1) is identically satisfied, while equations (2)–(4) are transformed from PDEs to ODEs in the following forms:

Apply the transformations given in equations (8) and (9) on boundary conditions given in equations (5) and (6). After the transformation and simplification, the boundary conditions take the following form:where

The physical parameters in the above nondimensional equations are symbolized as , , , , , , , , , , , , and these parameters are curvature parameter, ratio of the velocities, Schmidt number, slip parameter of the velocity, the Lewis number, Prandtl number, the thermophoretic parameter, Brownian motion parameter, magnetic parameter, mean absorption coefficient, temperature ratio parameter, Eckert number, and heat generation parameter, respectively. The applied numerical quantities having the great importance at industrial level are the local skin fraction , local Nusselt number , and the local Sherwood numbers . These physical quantities are defined mathematically aswhere , , and represent shear stress, heat flux, and mass flux, respectively, and are given by

Using the above similarity variable given in equation (9) and after the simplification, we have

Here, represents the Reynolds number.

4. Solution Procedure

In 1992, Liao [44] firstly worked on the homotopy analysis method (HAM). By this method, we solve a system of coupled highly nonlinear differential equations. For performing this technique, we assumed the initial guesses and the linear operators such as

The linear operators for the solution are like

and further

For equations (7)–(9), the 0^th order solution is written as

For subjected boundary conditions, we have

When = 0 and = 1, we have (here [0, 1])

and Taylor’s expansion for , , and about iswhere

There are BCs as

Now

Since HAM technique is the iterative process, the number of iterations is more important for the convergence of problem solution, so we are selecting a general order solution, that is, -order solution. Symbolically it can be written as

Here, .

5. Results and Discussion

In this section, the impact of on is discussed in detail with practical applications which are presented graphically in Figures 2–6. Here, Figure 2 displays the impact of volume fraction of the nanoparticles on velocity profile . It is seen from Figure 2 that, by increasing the value of , the axial velocity is increasing. Physically the increase in nanoparticles volume fraction in base fluid means gain of energy so the nanofluid with more energy moves with high speed. Figure 3 shows that if we increase the value of the velocity profile is going to decay. Physically, the very strong magnetic field is causing an increase in the Lorentz force; hence, the more opposing force makes it difficult for the fluid to flow easily. Figure 4 displays the effect of velocity ratio parameter on in the presence of slip parameter. It is observed that if the value of is increasing, the axial velocity enhances. Physically, means that the free stream velocity is less than the stretching velocity of the cylinder, and with this difference in velocities a boundary layer structure is formed which goes to decrease in motion very close to stagnation point and as a result this leads to increase in the boundary layer as increases. Figure 5 shows that by increasing the value of (velocity slip parameter) the velocity profile reduces. Physically, this phenomenon occurs due to the fact that the stretching velocity up to some extent shifts to the fluid and thus a decrease behavior is shown in the velocity profile. Figure 6 shows that is an increasing function of. Physically, as curvature parameter increases the radius of the cylinder decreases; then in fact the area between the fluid and the cylinder becomes lesser as the radius of the cylinder becomes short; hence the increasing behavior in velocity profile of the fluid is seen when we increase the value of The impacts of several convergence physical parameters on velocity profiles are shown in Figures 7–11. The different physical parameters for velocity profiles are the ratio of velocities, the curvature parameter, magnetic parameter, velocity slip parameter, and volume fraction. It is seen in Figure 7 that by the cumulative value of ratio velocity the enhancement behavior in the momentum profile is seen. Figure 8 demonstrates that if the value of curvature parameter increases then the reduction in momentum profile is observed. Figure 9 shows the behavior of magnetic parameter on velocity profile by growing the value of magnetic parameter and then the momentum profile shows the reduction in its behavior. Figure 10 shows that by the increase in velocity slip parameter the reduction is seen in the behavior of momentum profile . Figure 11 demonstrates the impact of nanoparticles volume fraction on the momentum profile of the flow. In Figure 11 it is observed that with the augmentation in nanoparticle fraction in the base fluid the pace of the nanofluid reduces. Physically the augmentation of the nanoparticle volume fraction in the base fluid goes to the augmentation of the viscosity of the nanofluid and it is obvious that more viscous fluid flows with low pace. Figures 12–15 analyze the effect of different physical parameters, , , and on temperature profile . Figure 12 shows the effect of curvature parameter on temperature field . The fluid temperature boosts for the augmentation in the values of curvature parameter of the cylinder. Physically, this is due to the fact that by increasing which means a decrease in radius of the cylinder this goes to decrease the gap among fluid and cylinder; it increases the heat transport and thus raises temperature. Figure 13 shows the impact of on the temperature profile . It is obvious that by increasing value of the temperature profile increases. Physically, the increase in magnetic parameter reduces the velocity profile of the fluid; hence, low moving fluid gains more energy due to large interval of time in contact with hot cylinder. Figures 14 and 15 demonstrate the impact of heat generation parameter and Eckert number on temperature profile . It is noted from Figure 14 that by the enhancement of heat generation parameter the temperature profile of the nanofluid enhances. Figure 15 demonstrates the impact of Eckert number on the temperature profile of the nanofluid. From Figure 15 it is obvious that by the augmentation of Eckert number the temperature profile of the nanofluid enhances. Physically, enhancement of Eckert number is the increase in kinetic energy of the fluid due to which temperature profile of the fluid enhances. Figure 16 demonstrates the impact of thermal radiation parameter on the temperature profile of the nanofluid; it is very clear from this figure that the temperature profile enhances with the escalation of thermal radiation parameter . Figure 17 is drawn to observe the influence of on . It is noticed that by increasing the value of the thermophoretic parameter there is an increase in concentration profile ; by this we mean that too many nanoparticles go away from the hot surface and thus the volume fraction distribution boosts. Figure 18 shows the impact of Schmidt number on . By increasing the value of Sc, the concentration profile decreases. Physically, by increasing value of the Brownian diffusion coefficient rises and also the thickness of boundary layer shows a decreasing result. Figure 19 shows the impact of on . It is observed that by increasing the value ofthe zigzag movement and also the colliding of macroscopic particles of the fluid increase; as a result decreases. Figure 20 demonstrates the impact of chemical reaction on the concentration profile of the nanofluid. In Figure 20 it is observed that with the boosting of chemical reaction parameter the concentration profile decreases. Physically, the chemical reaction indicates the nondestructive reaction, that is, the binding of nanoparticles, which results in the decrease in concentration of the fluid and as a result the decrease in thickness of boundary layer. Table 1 shows thermophysical properties of silver nanoparticles and water used in this article’s base fluid. Table 2 shows the comparison of heat transfer rate during the current phenomenon with previous result. Table 3 presents the impact of various physical parameters on the mass transfer past a stretched cylinder under the impact of MHD. Table 4 shows the impact of various physical parameters on the heat transfer rate during the nanofluid flow past a stretched cylinder. Table 5 displays the impact of various physical parameters on the skin friction between the nanofluid and surface of the stretched cylinder.

6. Conclusions

The current exploration deals with the study of nanofluid, which is a mixture of nanoparticles (silver) and a base fluid (water), as well as nonlinear thermal radiation and Newtonian heating as it passes through a nonlinear stretching cylinder. The coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). As a consequence, we arrive to the following conclusions:(i)For the larger value of , the velocity distribution will reduce.(ii)For the increasing value of solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles, the increase of the velocity field is detected.(iii)The velocity and temperature profiles show contrasting result for the magnetic parameter. The velocity profile is shrinking and temperature profile becomes enlarged.(iv)For the increasing value of curvature and radiation parameters, the temperature profile boosts.(v)Sherwood number () has opposite effects for and .

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, for funding this work through research groups program under Grant no. R.G.P-1/128/42.

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Copyright © 2021 Aaqib Majeed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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