Lens Learning Sparrow Search Algorithm

Table 2

Table of optimization results of each algorithm.

Function	Algorithm	Best	Ave	Std
F1(x)	LLSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	8.15851	26.3851	14.9876
	CSSA	0	0	0
	SSA	0	5.192E − 251	0
	GWO	1.5739E − 36	4.5232E − 34	7.3785E − 34
	PSO	3.8599E − 12	3.0697E − 11	2.7076E − 11
F2(x)	LLSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	0.212219	1.8836	2.13278
	CSSA	0	3.8973E − 160	2.1346E − 159
	SSA	0	2.2022E − 144	8.4437E − 144
	GWO	1.6295E − 25	2.9050E − 23	4.4358E − 23
	PSO	8.9056E − 08	2.5055E − 07	1.4584E − 07
F3(X)	LLSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	0.0004945	15.1459	34.9405
	CSSA	0	4.2858E − 192	0
	SSA	0	7.7137E − 210	0
	GWO	2.2250E − 04	0.029431	0.070791
	PSO	22.2592	49.9596	18.1286
F4(X)	LLSSA	0	1.008E − 163	0
	BSO	0.01503	0.015026	1.40522
	CSSA	0	4.1077E − 141	2.2499E − 140
	SSA	4.0636E − 14	1.9036E − 07	2.9266E − 07
	GWO	2.4178E − 06	6.4757E − 06	2.1850E − 06
	PSO	8.1218E − 14	6.9044E − 13	7.0838E − 13
F5(X)	LLSSA	2.2981E − 13	2.3943E − 05	3.8273E − 05
	BSO	553.7041	2543.2161	1657.5282
	CSSA	1.3357E − 08	2.6062E − 04	0.0015114
	SSA	4.7653E − 09	0.00028325	0.00049636
	GWO	45.8565	47.3855	0.89355
	PSO	89.4507	234.8606	104.6002
F6(X)	LLSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	10.9679	76.8897	44.1926
	CSSA	0	2.6949E − 153	1.476E − 152
	SSA	0	6.9176E − 139	3.7889E − 138
	GWO	1.1787E − 06	2.2057E − 05	2.7228E − 05
	PSO	30.8725	58.7189	18.8337
F7(X)	LLSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	7.8221E − 46	2.0384E − 39	3.2288E − 39
	CSSA	0	6.07E − 95	3.3246E − 94
	SSA	0	8.7599E − 97	4.798E − 96
	GWO	0	9.7069E − 251	0
	PSO	1.6341E − 29	6.6714E − 24	1.2043E − 23
F8(X)	LLSSA	8.0687E − 06	0.0001561	0.00012633
	BSO	0.0038813	0.009674457	0.004701
	CSSA	9.9226E − 06	0.00026062	0.00016246
	SSA	5.318E − 05	0.00029582	0.00025735
	GWO	0.00040374	0.0020252	0.89355
	PSO	0.010201	0.030015	0.00096086
F9(X)	LLSSA	−12554.58326	−10931.8556	1203.7127
	BSO	−12569.4418	−11820.3055	973.8153
	CSSA	−9859.7543	−8700.9989	615.6127
	SSA	−9374.4498	−8208.1416	501.1037
	GWO	−9055.703	−6452.354	1033.4608
	PSO	−8405.1316	−6176.2342	793.1086
F10(X)	LLSSA	0.000382023	1467.5173	1296.1624
	BSO	0.03331	848.2818	1061.7445
	CSSA	2529.3974	3661.9962	725.5963
	SSA	3471.670439	4292.617883	529.1990723
	GWO	4866.1835	6134.3633	604.5177
	PSO	5205.7803	7638.9387	1024.9673
F11(X)	LLSSA	1.04486E − 13	4.06779E − 10	9.93488E − 10
	BSO	0.140491	1.053227	0.53947
	CSSA	1.09657E − 12	1.93721E − 08	3.43612E − 08
	SSA	2.36977E − 12	2.78963E − 09	5.17661E − 09
	GWO	9.22011E − 06	0.019838839	0.013634913
	PSO	2.35982E − 06	0.041670227	0.078731524
F12(X)	LLSSA	1.3498E − 31	1.3498E − 31	0
	BSO	1.3498E − 31	1.3498E − 31	0
	CSSA	1.4730E − 31	2.3043E − 29	3.9261E − 29
	SSA	1.3498E − 31	3.9049E − 29	5.2232E − 29
	GWO	1.0606E − 08	8.9305E − 07	7.8567E − 07
	PSO	1.30489E − 23	4.7707E − 21	6.0171E − 21
F13(X)	LLSSA	6.2457E − 27	1.1032E − 20	3.5156E − 20
	BSO	0	0.2540	0.3592
	CSSA	4.3789E − 21	3.2277E − 16	1.5937E − 15
	SSA	2.7959E − 21	1.2661E − 16	2.7684E − 16
	GWO	1.2267E − 08	4.0761E − 07	4.2024E − 07
	PSO	1.1013E − 22	8.1661E − 20	1.7949E − 19
F14(X)	LLSSA	6.47687E − 14	9.70058E − 09	1.93534E − 08
	BSO	0	2.17439	2.93539
	CSSA	1.2546E − 14	5.2214E − 07	1.3653E − 06
	SSA	9.50199E − 13	1.02709E − 06	2.50633E − 06
	GWO	0.00022591	1.142301517	2.11174329
	PSO	0.022667333	0.026019705	0.001130521
F15(X)	ALSSA	0.998	0.998	0
	BSO	0.998	1.0311	0.17843
	CSSA	0.998	2.1068	2.9273
	SSA	0.998	2.5594	3.6421
	GWO	0.998	2.8013	2.8092
	PSO	0.998	1.1968	0.3976