An Exploratory Pledging Framework of Crowdfunding for Utilities Tunnel Engineering Project

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Variable</td><td class="align_center">Mean</td><td class="align_center">Standard deviation</td><td class="align_center">Min</td><td class="align_center">Max</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Dividend rate <svg height="6.61223pt" id="M187" style="vertical-align:-5.52897pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -1.08326 11.2295 6.61223" width="11.2295pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,3.132)"><path d="M554 433L549 437C539 437 513 441 503 443C481 447 456 451 436 451C354 451 268 415 216 368C150 308 99 205 99 106C99 24 136 -12 165 -12C196 -12 243 14 268 33C318 70 374 118 415 181H419L395 39C374 -84 332 -149 295 -175C269 -193 245 -197 212 -197C137 -197 93 -156 76 -102C71 -87 61 -87 51 -96C36 -110 24 -130 24 -147C24 -183 76 -257 171 -257C226 -257 285 -227 323 -200C387 -155 455 -76 480 94C499 225 538 391 554 433ZM460 386C457 361 438 287 426 254C408 218 373 176 332 133C294 93 246 61 217 61C198 61 186 80 186 122C186 167 206 250 231 294C262 349 288 375 317 387C334 394 358 400 381 400C413 400 439 393 460 386Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,5.032,5.233)"><path d="M793 369C793 572 640 650 434 650H140L132 615C218 600 221 600 203 514L130 130C116 52 106 41 28 32L19 0H273C416 0 523 20 616 75C729 139 793 237 793 369ZM687 372C687 175 550 43 327 43C304 43 265 43 243 49C217 54 209 66 223 131L293 540C305 577 308 590 318 597C334 608 368 610 408 610C569 610 687 540 687 372Z"></path></g></svg></td><td class="align_center">7.00%</td><td class="align_center">0.0165145</td><td class="align_center">5.00%</td><td class="align_center">9.00%</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Maturity revenue rate <svg height="15.5428pt" id="M188" style="vertical-align:-6.9069pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 17.7983 15.5428" width="17.7983pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.086,3.132)"><path d="M655 676H628C608 656 600 650 571 650H156C118 650 114 651 102 676H77C63 615 45 548 24 485L60 486C81 531 97 562 114 580C134 603 148 611 252 611H308L217 127C201 41 196 38 105 32L98 0H384L393 32C300 38 288 41 304 127L393 611H466C553 611 571 604 582 580C592 559 597 530 595 485L630 489C636 548 645 624 655 676Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,13.182,5.233)"><path d="M507 375C507 422 486 454 459 454C433 454 411 439 411 410C411 407 412 401 416 396C421 390 428 372 428 353C428 264 327 135 261 58H259C264 131 263 267 245 345C226 427 199 454 167 454C131 454 80 414 25 330L55 297C94 353 110 370 128 370C134 370 139 367 150 337C185 237 200 81 185 -13C158 -75 125 -182 114 -232L135 -253C162 -247 219 -220 241 -206C240 -180 239 -69 245 -23C254 -9 280 24 309 58C423 192 507 296 507 375Z"></path></g></svg></td><td class="align_center">3.75%</td><td class="align_center">0.0154479</td><td class="align_center">2.00%</td><td class="align_center">6.00%</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Investment revenue rate <svg height="11.927pt" id="M189" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.0766 11.927" width="15.0766pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M828 650H570L564 622C646 614 650 609 634 524L604 366H253L281 524C296 608 308 615 382 622L388 650H132L126 622C211 615 214 609 198 524L121 122C106 42 102 35 23 28L17 0H276L282 28C196 35 191 40 206 122L243 324H597L559 123C544 42 537 35 452 28L446 0H710L716 28C632 35 628 43 643 122L719 524C735 610 741 615 822 622L828 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.075,3.132)"><path d="M463 633C453 636 427 644 417 648C388 660 349 667 316 667C183 667 100 592 100 483C100 398 176 335 223 305L259 282C321 242 358 203 358 149C358 66 301 22 234 22C110 22 70 131 57 208L24 205L28 48C51 23 128 -17 215 -17C342 -17 446 60 446 174C446 262 394 310 317 361L284 383C229 420 183 455 183 515C183 569 222 628 298 628C384 628 418 563 428 481L461 487C459 527 458 593 463 633Z"></path></g></svg></td><td class="align_center">1.854</td><td class="align_center">0.6812145</td><td class="align_center">1.064</td><td class="align_center">2.767</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="5"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Statistical description of main variables of crowdfunding based on equity.</div>

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: An Exploratory Pledging Framework of Crowdfunding for Utilities Tunnel Engineering Project 