Abstract
In this study, the interaction of waves in the zero-pressure Euler equations with a Coulomb-like friction term is considered, which is equivalent to the Riemann problem with three constant initial states for the zero-pressure Euler equations. By solving generalized Rankine–Hugoniot relations under suitable entropy conditions, four different structures of explicit solutions are obtained uniquely, in which the interactions among contact discontinuity, vacuum, and delta shock are presented.
1. Introduction
In this study, we investigate the zero-pressure Euler equations with the Coulomb-like friction term:where are the density and velocity.
It was proposed by Savage and Hutter [1] to describe the granular flow behavior; it can also derive violent discontinuities in shallow flows with large Froude number [2]; the most direct source is the zero-pressure Euler equation (shortened from Euler–Poisson systems) [3].by letting .
For system (1), the Riemann problem with two constant initial states was investigated by Shen [4], and the vacuum state and delta shock solution were obtained. The delta shock wave is a new type of discontinuity and is an extension of the traditional shock wave, on which at least one of the state variables develops an extreme concentration. Because more characteristics will enter the discontinuity line, the delta shock wave has greater compressibility. It can be used to describe the process of mass concentration. As is well known, the study of the systems with delta shock wave is very important in applications because it often arises in cosmology, magnetohydrodynamics, and filtration theory [5–7]. For more details about the delta shock waves, we refer to [8–15].
In the study of the delta shock wave, we have to talk about the interaction of waves. In recent years, the discussion for the interaction of waves becomes increasingly active because it plays an important role not only in practical applications but also in the establishment of the general mathematical theory of quasilinear hyperbolic systems. For the research of delta shock waves in zero-pressure gas dynamics, we refer to Yang et al. [16], Shen and Sun [17], and Cheng et al. [18]. See also Cai and Zhang et al. [19, 20] for the zero-pressure gas dynamics with energy conservation law and Zhang and Zhang [21] for the steady zero-pressure adiabatic flow. Moreover, the theoretical results of delta shock wave interaction are verified by numerical schemes. It has been deeply studied by many scholars; two delta shock waves overtaking each other are simulated in constant pressure fluid dynamics [22]. For more details about numerical schemes of the interaction of waves, the reader can refer to [12, 14, 23].
Recently, there are many achievements in the Riemann problem of inhomogeneous conservation law [4, 24–26]. However, little research about the interaction of waves in the inhomogeneous conservation laws has been done; because of this, we study the Riemann problem with three constant initial states,for zero-pressure Euler equations with the friction term.
Due to the effect by source term, the characteristics are not straight line and the Riemann solutions are not self-similar anymore. So, it is not so easy to get the result of the interaction of waves. Luckily, rewriting system (1) into a conservative form by introducing a new state variable, the delta shock wave is derived by solving generalized Rankine–Hugoniot conditions under suitable entropy conditions, four kinds of solutions of Riemann problems (1) and (3) were established, as given in Section 3. Compared with zero-pressure flow, the state variable changes linearly at the rate with respect to . However, the Riemann solutions of (1) and (3) converge zero-pressure Euler equations as .
This study is arranged as follows. In Section 2, we construct some elementary wave solution and singular solution (delta shock wave) about (1). In Section 3, the global solutions for each case are constructed after the interaction of waves, by solving the Riemann problem consisting of (1) and (3). Finally, our conclusions are drawn in Section 3.
2. Preliminaries
First, we consider the Riemann problem for (1) with
As initial data, by introducing a new state variable, the pressureless Euler system with Coulomb-like friction term (1) is rewritten in the conservative form:
The eigenvalues and corresponding right eigenvector of system (1) are , respectively, which satisfy . Hence, equations (1) is a linearly degenerated and extremely nonstrict hyperbolic system.
It is easier to verify that besides the constant solution, vacuum state solution (denoted by ) and two contact discontinuities are included.
It is known from [4] that the solutions of the Riemann problem consisting of (1) and (4) are the following cases:(1)If , a vacuum and two contact discontinuities are included in the solution:(2)If , a delta shock wave delivers from the initial discontinuity point between two constant initial states:
Its curve , weight , and the propagation speed satisfied generalized Rankine–Hugoniot relation,and the entropy conditionwhere .
Suppose that is a constant; solving (8) with the initial conditions , we can getwhere .
Moreover, for more general initial conditions,
Solving (8) with initial condition (11), we can get
The above delta shock solutions also have the following characteristics.(i)If , solution (10) can be obtained by (12)–(14) when (ii)
3. Construction of the Solutions to Riemann Problems (1) and (3)
Discuss the interaction of waves in the zero-pressure Euler equations with a Coulomb-like friction term, which is equivalent to constructing the solutions to the Riemann problems (1) and (3). According to the relation among , and , we discuss four cases of solutions as follows.
Case 3.1. .
If , two delta shocks and deliver from the initial discontinuity points and separately.
According to Section 2, we get two delta shocks:and all of them satisfy the entropy condition simultaneously.
Because the speed of is faster than the speed of , two delta shocks will impact at a finite time . Since , right now, a new Riemann problem with a new delta shock solution will be formed, and its velocity and weight satisfyAccording to the conservation of mass and momentum at , it is easy to check that . In the same way as above, by solving (8) with initial condition (17), we get the locus, velocity, and mass of the delta shock , . The details are spared. To sum up, in the case that , we come to the following conclusion: the two delta shocks must collide with each other at a finite time and merge into a new delta shock, as shown in Figure 1. We can express this fact as
Case 3.2. . (When , it has the same structure as the solution).
Since , a delta shock delivers from the initial discontinuity point , whose trajectory, mass, and velocity can be expressed as in (15). Since , the vacuum and two contact discontinuities , emit from the discontinuity point , as shown in Figure 2.
Based on the entropy condition, we have . The delta shock meets the contact discontinuity at a finite time . Note thatAfter time , a new Riemann problem solvable with a delta shock wave solution is formed and denoted as , which satisfy the generalized Rankine–Hugoniot relation as follows:Use the same method as above; solving (20) with initial condition (19), we get the locus, velocity, and mass of the delta shock :Since , the delta shock will overtake the contact discontinuity starting at a finite time , that is, . At this moment, since , a new Riemann problem solvable with a delta shock wave solution is formed, whose trajectory , weight , and velocity satisfyIt is easy to check that . In the same way as above, solving (9) with initial data (22), we obtain . The details are spared. To sum up, in the case that , the delta shock collides two contact discontinuities and overtakes the vacuum completely in bounded time (Figure 2). We can express this fact as
Case 3.3. . (When , it has the same structure as the solution).
The same as in Case 3.2, a delta shock delivers from the initial discontinuity point , two contact discontinuities, and a vacuum emits from , as shown in Figure 2. The delta shock collides with starting at time and overtakes the vacuum. The procession is the same as that in Case 3.2, and (20) and (21) are tenable. But since , , it shows that the delta shock never collides with . That is different from the structure in Case 3.2; under the condition in Case 3.3, the delta shock has not overtaken the vacuum completely (Figure 3). We can express this fact as
Case 3.4. .
If , there is no collision or overtake of waves. We can express the Riemann solution of systems (1) and (3) asWe call it a collisionless solution, as shown in Figure 4.
4. Conclusion
Through the analysis above, we have constructed the Riemann solutions for zero-pressure Euler equations with the friction term. In particular, elementary wave solution and singular solution (delta shock wave) have been discovered under certain situations. We find that the characteristic lines and the delta shock wave discontinuity are curved under the influence of friction terms. Compared with previous results on generalized zero-pressure gas dynamics [16], there are two interesting new phenomena. The Riemann solutions of (1) and (3) are not self-similar anymore, and the state variable changes linearly at the rate with respect to . Luckily, four kinds of solutions were obtained by laborious calculations, including collisions of two shocks, shock overtaking vacuum, and two vacuum pursuits, showing the interaction of waves clearly. The result is similar to zero-pressure flow. It has proved the correctness of the theory from another side, since the Riemann solutions of (1) and (3) converge zero-pressure Euler equations as , namely, the friction term vanishes. Moreover, it also provides a theoretical guarantee for the subsequent numerical simulation.
Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.