Competitiveness Evaluation and Obstacle Factor Analysis of Urban Green and Low-Carbon Development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Cities

Table 2

Comprehensive evaluation index system.

Target layer	Criterion layer	Index layer	Unit	Indicator code	Index property
Evaluation index system of urban green and low-carbon development competitiveness of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities	Pressure subsystem	Population density	人·Km^−2	P1	(−)
		Natural population growth rate	%	P2	(−)
		Ten thousand yuan GDP energy consumption	t·yuan^−1	P3	(−)
		Industrial sulfur dioxide emissions of ten thousand yuan GDP	t·yuan^−1	P4	(−)
		Discharge of industrial wastewater from ten thousand yuan GDP	t·yuan^−1	P5	(−)
		Ten thousand yuan GDP water consumption	m3·yuan^−1	P6	(−)
		Industrial dust emission of ten thousand yuan GDP	t·yuan^−1	P7	(−)
	State subsystem	Urban green technology innovation ability	%	S1	(+)
		Annual mean value of urban PM2.5 concentration	μg·m^−3	S2	(−)
		Annual mean value of urban SO2 concentration	μg·m^−3	S3	(−)
		Annual mean value of urban NO2 concentration	μg·m^−3	S4	(−)
		Proportion of per capita carbon emissions	%	S5	(−)
		Pollution rate of urban water resources	%	S6	(−)
		Urbanization rate	%	S7	(−)
	Response subsystem	Per capita green area coverage	%	R1	(+)
		The proportion of the output value of the tertiary industry in GDP	%	R2	(+)
		Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste	%	R3	(+)
		Centralized treatment rate of municipal sewage	%	R4	(+)
		Harmless treatment rate of municipal solid waste	%	R5	(+)
		Proportion of investment in environment, water conservancy and public facilities	%	R6	(+)
		Growth rate of per capita consumption of urban green low-carbon products	%	R7	(+)

Note. (+) indicates that the indicator has a positive impact on the target layer; (−) indicates that the indicator has a negative impact on the target layer.