Research Article

Does Digital Economy Contribute to Regional Carbon Productivity? Evidence of China

Table 4

Cointegration test: Kao test results.

Inspection methodsStatisticp-value

PedroniModified Phillips–Perron t10.4400.000
Phillips–Perron t−35.9720.000
Augmented Dickey–Fuller t−24.0540.000

KaoModified Dickey–Fuller t3.6170.000
Dickey–Fuller t4.3040.000
Augmented Dickey–Fuller t1.5990.055
Unadjusted modified dickey3.0470.001
Unadjusted Dickey–Fuller t3.4330.000
WesterlundVariance ratio7.5990.000

Note., , and indicate the significance at the level of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1, respectively.