Abstract
In this paper, a nonlinear stochastic matrix approach is used to conduct an in-depth study and analysis of modern urban governance, and an urban information model is designed for practical application based on it. Random matrix theory can calculate and give the average result of all interactions contained in a complex system. By comparing the different characteristics of statistical properties of real systems and random matrices, the special nonrandom properties of real systems are deduced. The dissipative structure theory of open complex systems, the evolution of network entropy describing the robustness of complex networks, can explain the empirical results of random matrix theory from the point of view of system evolution; through the open development of fair data and prevention tools to achieve algorithm correction, promote the design optimization of intelligent models, intelligent platforms, and intelligent programs; and commit to the benign development of technology. At the institutional level, it is necessary to keep the smart city construction synchronized with the rule of law construction, with a two-pronged approach of policy incentives and legal constraints, in addition to the overall promotion of government transformation and pluralistic governance patterns. It exceeds the carrying capacity and adaptability of social systems and institutions. In fact, the productive forces with science and technology as the core are the most active forces in social change and development. The urban information model is a technical and conceptual change triggered by the wave of information in the field of urban planning and construction and urban management, which takes the 3D model as a carrier to realize digital information application and unification in the whole life cycle of territorial spatial planning, urban design, and engineering and construction projects through the simulation of spatial planning and urban design spatial elements as well as the entry, management, and application of engineering and construction project information. Digital technology is applied in the whole life cycle of land spatial planning, urban design, and engineering projects to achieve fine governance and efficient management of urban planning.
1. Introduction
It is undeniable that the development of urban civilization often leads to the increase of economic wealth, the improvement of human living conditions, and the continuous progress of society. However, modern people look around and feel the physical and mental joy of modernization while being constantly threatened by various risks. The city, as the most prominent display of modernity and civilization, is constantly threatened by urban risks. From the perspective of realistic urban social development, urban risks are increasingly destructive and constantly plague the survival and development of urbanites [1]. With the continuous development of urbanization, the scale of cities is getting bigger and bigger, the number of urban elements is increasing, and the relationship between elements is getting increasingly complex; the traditional urban planning and construction management and urban operation mode can hardly support the future urban development needs. In recent years, the rapid development of new-generation information technology based on the Internet of Things and information networks has provided powerful technical support for territorial spatial planning, urban construction management, and social governance, providing new means and opportunities for urban work and promoting economic and social development [2]. The deep integration of new-generation information technology and urbanization is not only the frontier of the discipline that is hotly discussed by academia but also the focus of future urban work. Strengthen the management and application of three-dimensional spatial natural resource information, use the natural resource database to integrate and consolidate socio-economic data and relevant departmental data to build a scientific and reasonable territorial spatial planning system, form a spatial development and protection pattern of human and nature in harmony, enhance supervision and decision-making ability through comprehensive data analysis and excavation, and strictly protect and conserve resources [3].
The in-depth study of urban risk is a major issue that the theoretical community should and must face. The modernization process led by capital logic and technological rationality has brought huge material wealth to the whole human society, but it has also bred various problems and risks. As the most prominent manifestation of the negative effects of modernity, urban risks constantly threaten the healthy development of cities and urban people [4]. Especially in the current transitional society, traditional and modernity, modernity and postmodernity, and domestic and international development issues are overlapping and intertwined in China, creating an overwhelming picture of risk. This risk picture is even more evident in the city, which is a field of diverse civilizations. Urban risk is a consensus issue in academic circles. For this reason, based on profound knowledge and criticism of urban risk, it has become a realistic situation for Chinese society to avoid and manage urban risk and to prevent the negative consequences of urban risk from reversing the achievements of China’s modernization [5]. The original intention of urban community grid management is to strengthen the government’s ability to manage interdepartmental networks at internal levels. This paper undoubtedly provides theoretical guidance for urban risk avoidance in China. Based on theories of Western modernity, rethinking modernity, and urban governance, and in the light of the problems that have emerged in China’s urban development, this paper forms a theoretical framework that can both explain the tensions and provide an advanced judgment, analyze the complex aspects of urban risks, and search for possible paths of urban risk avoidance.
With the promotion of the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and digital economy technologies, urban public data are exploding, and urban governance based on big data is gaining increased attention. As an important achievement of the new technological revolution, big data can significantly enhance the insight discovery, scientific decision-making, and process optimization capabilities of governors and has an irreplaceable potential for improving the efficiency and quality of governance at all levels of government. In terms of theory, this paper analyzes the polycentric urban governance structure in the context of data based on three theories: polycentric governance theory, social interaction theory, and transaction cost theory. The polycentric urban governance structure is an institutionalized power arrangement and interaction pattern among government, enterprises, and individuals in the process of urban governance, which is an external expression of values, institutions, and behaviors. The essence of polycentric urban governance in the context of data use is to emphasize the influence of data on the elements of polycentric urban governance structure, which mainly includes four aspects of governance subjects, their behaviors, their relationships, and the system that regulates their behaviors and relationships.
2. Related Works
The advancement of technology has brought great historical opportunities for the governance of cities, which has always been carried out in the development process of smart cities [6]. When the information-based city first emerged, Gu pointed out that it could help improve the overall competitiveness of the city, optimize the information service capability of the city, and accelerate the modernization process of the city [7]. Essien et al. believe that smart cities can effectively solve a series of “urban diseases,” which can help cities get out of some difficulties and enhance their competitiveness in urban clusters [8]. At the same time, Qin et al. point out that a smart city based on information technology will certainly be conducive to the development of information technology, stimulate the consumption of the information industry, and play an important role in meeting the consumption needs of urban subjects, generating new consumption hotspots, and guiding the direction of investment [9]. Smart city governance is different from the traditional governance model and is committed to integrating the “fragmented” public service blocks, but there are still many problems in the progress [10]. The reform of the spatial planning system and the reform of engineering and construction project approval have put forward common demands on the urban information model: digitalization of elements, business collaboration, and cross-border data transmission and feedback. Xu et al. construct a digital genealogy of urban design achievement elements, translate the structural and spatial elements of urban design into digital management language, and propose a rule and standard system for intelligent control of the urban design [11]. On this basis, a digital management platform for urban design is constructed to support multidepartmental collaborative design and planning approval management and to accept public supervision by process-based dynamic participation.
Moreover, the economic and social development continues, the update of information technology is still speeding up, the ensuing demand for government management information and residents diversified and personalized needs will continue to rise, and the overburdened gridders will most likely face the challenge of satisfaction from the government and residents who have formed habitual dependence on them when they reach the boundary of their capacity. Second is the issue of the relationship between community grid-based management and grassroots mass self-governance structures, such as the relationship between community grid-based management organizations and neighborhood committees [12]. To provide integrated services for public needs in an efficient, high-quality, and cost-effective manner, the community grid-based management organization, from the perspective of institutional design, assumes regular fixed functions; from the perspective of practical development, it should be a permanent institution. To make the performance of organizational functions more sustainable and effective, the members of the community grid management organization should not appear like the periodic rotation of neighborhood committee members, but the positions of the community grid management organization are mostly held by neighborhood committee members, so this way of serving in the community grid management itself harbors a conflict [13]. Agglomeration economy refers to the phenomenon of concentration of economic activities in geographical and spatial distribution, mainly manifested as an industrial cluster or interdependent regional economic network formed by the concentration of the same or similar industries or complementary industries in a specific, neighboring geographical location.
Synthesizing the above literature, I believe that scholars’ research on specific areas of big data in urban governance mainly focuses on the current urban problems encountered and on urban problem prevention. Although the specific areas of research have been relatively broad, there are still certain problems. First, there is a certain disconnect between recommendations and practice, and the recommendations of some scholars are more in theory and less guiding for practice in specific areas. Second, there is less research on the inner logic and influence mechanism of big data when applied to specific areas of cities as well as a lack of comprehensive and in-depth research on governance paradigms. Based on systematically sorting out the concepts, basic theories, development lines, and typical experiences of metropolitan areas at home and abroad, this study analyzes the dialectical and unified coupling relationship between metropolitan area integration and high-quality development in the context of the new era and condenses and summarizes the inner dynamics and development laws of metropolitan area formation and development, which is an important supplement to enrich the theoretical research system of metropolitan areas.
3. Nonlinear Random Matrix Model Design of Urban Information Data Model
According to the positioning of CIM as a spatial database and basic operation platform for urban planning, design, construction, and operation management, the data resources of CIM mainly consist of six categories: spatio-temporal basic data, resource survey and registration data, planning and control data, engineering and construction management data, public thematic data and IoT perception data, and the six categories of data of CIM data system are interrelated [14]. By constructing spatio-temporal basic data, it provides basic geospatial framework data for human activities and professional applications; meanwhile, through investigation and monitoring, planning and control, engineering, and construction management business operation, it obtains rich planning and management data, which lays the foundation for promoting the virtuous cycle of spatio-temporal basic data, and relies on the above four types of data superimposed on the population, legal persons, economic data, Internet data, socio-economic data, and other public thematic data, as well as Internet of Things sensing data, thus forming a set of the interrelated and rich data system.
Due to the complexity of the physical reality space, people often need to use different types of digital 3D models when expressing different levels of physical objects and different application scenarios, such as geological 3D models, cadastral 3D models, topographic 3D models, 3D models of planning and design control elements, 3D models of urban design schemes, BIM models, lightweight BIM models, and real estate 3D models. The data format, accuracy, and data size of various digital 3D models vary greatly, and their display and application often depend on different platforms, making it difficult to express the physical reality of the city-level spatial scenes and integrate the application in a unified manner. Thus, the city 3D model (3DCM) was born, which is lightweight processing of the BIM model on the one hand and the visualization of abstract models such as geological 3D model, cadastral 3D model, and 3D model of urban design scheme on the other hand, integrated into a platform for management, presentation, and application.
Preapproval of land use for construction projects and issuance of site selection opinion are mainly to ensure that the site selection and layout planning of construction projects within the urban planning area are legal and reasonable, in line with engineering and technical requirements, as well as the impact on ecological environment, social economy, spatial landscape, and resource utilization within a reasonable range, specifically including coordination between construction projects and urban planning layout, convergence and coordination with urban transportation, communication, disaster prevention, and other planning [15]. It can be more accurately identified that all belong to QAM modulation, and then, it can be further judged according to the constellation diagram of the signal and other information, which can further improve the classification accuracy of the system. The coordination between the construction project and urban planning is shown in Figure 1.
The information infrastructure is mainly composed of information infrastructure and IoT perception equipment. The information infrastructure mainly includes software and hardware resources such as computing resources, storage resources, network transmission, and security equipment; IOT perception equipment mainly includes various sensor terminals, actuator terminals, image and video capture devices, and RFID reading and writing devices.
Since the birth of the city, citizens are the most basic unit constituting the urban landscape and are the direct stakeholders of the urban governance effect. Enterprises are the main suppliers of material and spiritual products and are the most active subjects in urban activities. Enterprises are often the experiencers and primary discoverers of urban problems. The empirical results also found some parts that were in line with the predictions of random matrix theory, indicating that there were also random interactions in the system; some eigenvalues were smaller than the lower limit of the eigenvalue prediction. Citizens and enterprises, as relevant subjects in urban governance, have their interests closely related to the effectiveness of urban governance from the moment of their birth. The relevant subjects in urban governance become the subjects of urban governance by participating in urban governance.
Before governance theory was proposed, urban public affairs were handled in a management mode, and the public and enterprises existed as passive recipients of information and policies. After the introduction of governance theory, it emphasizes the participation of multiple subjects in urban governance. The plural subjects here include not only the government but of course also enterprises, citizens, or the public. The development from relevant subjects to governance subjects needs to meet several conditions, such as the support of a system or policy, the awareness of participation of relevant subjects, and the smoothness of participation channels. The support of a system or policy makes it possible for relevant subjects to become governance subjects, the awareness of relevant subjects in participating in urban governance is the premise for relevant subjects to become governance subjects, and the opening of participation channels is the core for relevant subjects to participate in urban governance to become governance subjects.
The second law of thermodynamics is about the direction of the thermodynamic process, saying that the entropy of an isolated closed system always increases, and the system always transitions from order to disorder, and this process proceeds irreversibly [16]. Later, the statistical physicist Boltzmann linked entropy and information and proposed that “entropy is a measure of the information lost in a system,” the order is information, the order becomes disorder, lost the order, and also lost part of the information.
The fifth characteristic value of the inverse relationship between the banking sector and the real estate sector may be the result of the inverse relationship between banks’ loans to real estate development companies and their debt to local governments upstream of the real estate sector. Click the corresponding approval button in the business approval, and directly call the electronic approval system to convert the drawings into a lightweight BIM model for review. The sixth characteristic value is that real estate and stocks are both investment assets. The two have a competitive effect. When the proportion of real estate investment increases, the stock investment will decrease. When the stock market is good, investors will reduce their real estate investment and put their cash into the stock market.
The empirical results of stochastic matrix theory are a summary of the state of motion of the stock market, a complex system, over a selected period. The empirical evidence of stochastic matrix theory finds a plate structure that indicates the existence of nonrandom nature of interactions within the system, as reflected in the continuous one-way movement of stock prices; the empirical results also find a fraction consistent with the predictions of stochastic matrix theory, indicating that stochastic interactions also exist in the system; there are also fractional eigenvalues smaller than the lower bound of the eigenvalue predictions, indicating that correlations among stocks are weaker than stochastic interactions, and price fluctuations are also smaller than Random fluctuations are smaller.
The construction of the CIM application system platform system is not to overturn the reconstruction of many system platforms of wisdom city but to achieve the construction of a basic platform and professional application system based on 3D data application service and docking each platform of wisdom city. The CIM application system is composed of CIM basic platform and CIM + application system applied to each professional field. In the fields of territorial spatial planning and construction project approval whole life cycle management, the professional applications are mainly docked by building CIM planning and design digital platform and BIM report and construction review and approval system. Other professional fields of a smart city can build professional application systems based on CIM according to actual needs and can also connect to the CIM foundation platform to embed 3D data application service functions as shown in Figure 2.
The CIM planning and design digital platform is mainly used to carry out simulation and analysis of planning and design schemes, strengthen the evaluation and verification of the design schemes of engineering and construction projects, and assist management decisions to improve the science of urban planning and design, promote the precise implementation of planning and design control rules, and realize the refined approval management of engineering and construction projects [17]. The support of institutions or policies makes it possible for relevant subjects to become governance subjects, and the awareness of relevant subjects in participating in urban governance is a prerequisite for relevant subjects to become governance subjects. For the evaluation of planning and design schemes, it provides a set of planning and design management and auxiliary decision-making system, providing auxiliary functions such as case inquiry, result review, and scheme comparison. For the leadership meeting, a meeting system has to provide a realistic simulation experience. The CIM planning and design digital platform mainly includes four functional modules: basic sandbox, auxiliary decision-making, design collaboration, and public participation.
4. Experimental Analysis of Modern Urban Governance
The experiment of urban risk in the context of complex modernity is analyzed in a theoretical direction. The technological logic direction reveals that urban risk, as an objective phenomenon of modern society, is a historical and objective consequence of a series of uncertainties of complex modernity, and the dual perspectives of technology and science show the objective existence of urban risk; capital logic is an important cause of structural imbalance of urban risk due to the strong “colonization” of urban space by capital logic.” In addition, the inherent structural tensions of social systems and the lagging nature of social norms make it difficult to effectively avert urban risks, which makes it more difficult to manage urban risks [18]. Thus, urban risks in the context of complex modernity are both objective and subjective constructs.
The modern urban risk landscape is shaped by multiple forces, among which the logic of technology plays an important role. Especially in the context of complex modernity, the urban risk brought by technology has become an important element of the risk society. In this sense, the continuous generation, rapid proliferation, and complex evolution of modern urban risks are largely due to the rapid development of modern technology, which exceeds the carrying capacity and adaptability of social systems and institutions. The reduction of information cost, decision-making cost, and supervision cost related to the process of urban governance has brought about a decrease in the overall cost of urban governance. The productivity of science and technology is the most active force in social change and development, often changing rapidly and overwhelmingly; in contrast, the establishment, development, and change of social, political, and cultural systems often show a serious lag, and it is difficult to adapt to the development speed of technological productivity. Productivity determines the relations of production, and the economic base determines the superstructure. Modern science and technology are the most important, active, and revolutionary factors in the system of productive forces and economic base. Modern science and technology change is an important guiding force in the process of productivity progress and economic growth and is a prerequisite for the development of the system, consciousness, and rule changes [19]. Therefore, the rapid development of modern science and technology makes human society change day by day, and at the same time, it brings all kinds of problems, crises, and risks to “precipitate” and become an important force that restricts the continuous development and progress of human society.
Each new practice solves old problems and creates new ones, which in turn becomes the driving force for innovation. At present, the practice of asymmetrical reciprocal symbiosis in urban communities faces many problems, and symmetrical reciprocal symbiosis is the direction of its evolution. The development from asymmetric to symmetric symbiosis requires multiple transformations of symbiotic units, symbiotic interfaces, and symbiotic conditions. Based on the current situation of urban community practice and the problems faced by the practice, to complete this transformation, urban communities need to realize the full development and deep integration of community grid-based management and governance elements first. The original purpose of urban community grid-based management is to strengthen the government’s ability to manage the internal hierarchical interdepartmental network. The essence of the development of urban community governance elements is the enhancement of the degree of public-private partnership within the community and the improvement of the grassroots party and government departments’ ability to manage the public-private partnership network as shown in Table 1.
Nodes are strong central growth poles formed by element polarization in the integration and high-quality coupled development of metropolitan areas, with clear basic attributes such as location, scale, and form, mostly with a single city or multiple neighboring cities as the main body but also with characteristic functional areas in the region far away from urban centers but with certain attractiveness, such as areas with significant advantages in agriculture, culture, and other resources. In the past, the nodes of the spatial structure of metropolitan areas were mostly centered on cities, guiding the flow of surrounding resources to neighboring cities, which easily caused the problem of “urban disease” caused by excessive concentration of factors in one direction [20]. At the same time, the integration of metropolitan areas and high-quality coupling emphasizes the coordination and integration of urban and rural areas, so rural areas can also be cultivated as nodes, focusing on the development of cultural tourism, ecological agriculture, leisure agriculture, and other industries and, with the help of modern information technology, forming important nodes with effective complementary functions with cities, thus enriching the central level of the network structure of the metropolitan area.
The surface area refers to the projection of the radiation influence of the nodes and axes on the geographical space in the integrated and high-quality coupled development of the metropolitan area, which generally refers to the vast market towns and rural areas, and can be understood as the hinterland of the metropolitan area.
The development of the surface area is largely dependent on the development of the nodes and axes, and its functional characteristics are an important part of the network structure of the metropolitan area, which directly affects the overall development level of the metropolitan area. The relationship between elements is becoming increasingly complex, and the traditional urban planning and construction management and urban operation mode can no longer support the development needs of future cities. At the same time, the metropolitan area also needs the material and energy supply from the surface area, without which the spatial structure of the network is only a “skeleton,” and the development of the surface area will also promote the formation of nodes and the improvement of axes, further increasing the density and quality of the network and shaping a good regional spatial structure order. Therefore, the integrated and high-quality coupled development of the metropolitan area is closely linked to the nodes and axes and has good functionality, which can provide continuous support.
Thanks to the rapid development of intelligent technologies, the computational models of cities are no longer limited to the manual input of parameters and rules, but the results can be used as new database samples for iterative cycles and can reach fields beyond the capacity of past urban governance models [21]. First, intelligent technology can not only collect and clean social data through multiple channels but also break the geographical and spatial-temporal limitations through data interconnection, break the data barriers between cities and city subsystems, transform the fragmented social information into a grid system, and achieve macroscopic proficiency and microgovernance of the overall situation as shown in Figure 3.
With the decline of New Public Management and the rapid development of information technology, holistic governance theory has gradually become the new paradigm of public management such as system or policy support, participation awareness of relevant subjects, and smooth participation channels. In response to the “fragmentation” of government management practices and the egocentrism of traditional public administration, holistic governance takes “problem-solving” as the logical point of government behavior and aims to coordinate and integrate fragmented and isolated resources, information, and functions through information technology [22]. It aims to coordinate and integrate fragmented and isolated resources, information, and functions through information technology and centralize and integrate heterogeneous and diversified public resources to provide holistic services for public needs in an efficient, high-quality, and cost-effective manner. The holistic governance model has rich connotations: conceptually, it focuses on prevention-oriented, citizen demand-oriented, and result-oriented governance issues, with integrated government operation to meet citizens’ needs as the core; in terms of organizational structure and form, it insists on the integration of governance levels, integration of governance functions, and integration of public and private sectors.
5. Analysis of the Performance Results of the Nonlinear Random Matrix Model
It can be observed from Figure 4 that the classification accuracy is different for different signal-to-noise ratio environments when experimenting with test sets in the range of [−20 dB, 20 dB]. The classification performance is poor at signal-to-noise ratios less than 5 dB, and the classification accuracy decreases significantly as the signal-to-noise ratio decreases, while the classification accuracy remains around 80% at greater than 5 dB.
In multiclassification problems, the interclass classification accuracy of different classes is also an important criterion for network performance. The confusion matrix is an important tool to measure the interclass classification accuracy, which can count the number of correct and wrong classes of a multiclassification model and then represent them in a visual matrix. This is a very basic and intuitive method, and the calculation is very simple.
In the confusion matrix, the horizontal coordinate represents the experimentally predicted modulation pattern and the vertical coordinate represents the real modulation pattern, and the darker the color of each square in the matrix, the higher the probability that the corresponding real modulation pattern will be judged as the corresponding predicted modulation pattern. Therefore, for a network, the confusion matrix is a diagonal array and the network has the best prediction performance. Strengthen the management and application of natural resource information in three-dimensional space, and based on the natural resource database and integrate social and economic data and relevant department data to build a scientific and reasonable land and space planning system. In this experiment, it can be observed that as the signal-to-noise ratio increases, the prediction performance of the network gets better. However, in general, the network does not classify well for both modulation types, QAM16 and QAM64, and always misclassifies between them. Although the network designed in this paper cannot identify the specific type of modulation, it can identify the QAM modulation more accurately, and then further judge the signal according to its constellation diagram, which can further improve the classification accuracy of the system.
As can be seen from Figure 4, the distribution of the eigenvalues is experimentally obtained. This result reminds us that we need to pay attention to the minimum eigenvalues of the network as well. The minimum eigenvalues may change with the structure of the network and the optimization of the network, and there is still room for improvement in the optimization of the network in this experiment as shown in Figure 5.
For the analysis of larger eigenvalues, again, the larger eigenvalues of this experiment are larger than those of the MNIST data set by a considerable order of magnitude, which of course has a great deal to do with the complexity of the network, and as the network layers deepen, the Hessian matrix amplifies the larger eigenvalues in the process of passing them layer by layer. The maximum eigenvalue is still an important factor in the deep learning optimization problem, which also provides ideas for further improvement of the optimization algorithm, such as limiting the maximum eigenvalue of the network Hessian matrix during each iteration of gradient descent.
6. Analysis of Experimental Results of Modern Urban Governance of Urban Information
The review of engineering planning and design scheme is mainly based on technical regulations, the adopted general plan of the project, the review opinions of successive planning committees on the scheme, and the relevant national norms of the industry to carry out technical review work. Based on critically absorbing and drawing lessons from Western modernity, reflecting on modernity theory and urban governance theory, it combines the problems emerging in the current process of urban development. In the process of technical review, the comrades in charge of technical review institutions and relevant business sections mainly review whether the project meets the planning requirements, and the experts mainly give their opinions on the technical problems of the program and the rationality, practicality, and economy of the functional arrangement based on the relevant specification documents and their working experience in the industry and comment on the façade modeling characteristics and put forward the recommended façade effect program.
The planning and control data mainly include the data of land space planning and existing land space-related planning (general land use planning, main function zoning, general urban planning, detailed control planning, and special planning). The storage is based on cad, jpg, and other format files, which are stored in each responsible department and planning and design unit. The data are obtained through the organization of planning, review, approval, and submission of the preparer. The data of overall land use planning are stored in the database of one map of the land, and the data of urban and rural planning are stored in the database of one map of planning, in which the current situation of the construction of the GIS database of planning preparation results is as follows: mainly including the planning preparation results of urban general planning, detailed control planning, town general planning, rural planning, and all kinds of special planning, guided by time vertical series and regional horizontal series.
The reporting unit commissions the design unit to design the drawings, and the design unit uses the definition tools in the electronic reporting module to rectify the electronic drawings of the report into standardized electronic drawings that meet the technical standards. The construction application unit logs in to the online construction application system and submits the application materials following the business requirements of the application project, which includes the electronic drawings that need to be approved. The review and approval department logs into the business approval system to accept the business, and if it meets the business acceptance criteria, it will click the corresponding approval button in the business approval and directly call the electronic submission and approval system to convert the drawings into a lightweight BIM model for review. If the review is not qualified, it will be returned for modification, and if the review is qualified, the corresponding index parameters will be automatically extracted and filled in the corresponding form in the business approval system. Finally, the graphics and attribute data of the drawings will be stored in the business approval database and the model will be stored in the CIM model library through the library module as shown in Figure 6.
The data omnidirectionally and efficiently connect the subjects and widen the channels of communication between them. The governance subjects can express their opinions more smoothly through the data network so that they can play their advantages in urban governance and provide basic geospatial frame data for human activities and professional applications; at the same time, through investigation and monitoring, planning control, and engineering construction management business operations, rich planning and management data are obtained, laying the foundation for promoting a virtuous cycle of spatio-temporal basic data. In the process of urban governance, governance subjects have their advantages compared with each other, such as the residents’ advantages in terms of quantity, the government’s advantages in terms of policies and resources, and the enterprises’ advantages in terms of technology. These advantages are reflected in the process of urban problem-solving: citizens are better able to take the responsibility of problem identification and monitoring because of their wide geographical distribution and diversity of interests, public organizations are better able to take the responsibility of problem analysis because of their mastery of policies and resources and rich governance experience, and enterprises are better able to take the responsibility of problem-solving because of their technology and advanced concepts.
Data are a medium that helps urban governance actors to divide the steps of urban problem-solving and reduce the costs and risks in the process of urban problem-solving: for example, transferring part of the responsibility of problem identification to citizens may reduce the risk of urban problems being ignored, and transferring part of the responsibility of problem-solving to enterprises may improve the efficiency of problem-solving, thus reducing the cost of urban governance. In the process of urban governance, the division of labor is gradually formed, and a partnership of interdependence and collaboration is gradually formed among the governance actors as shown in Figure 7.
The cooperation stage means that the urban governance subjects have fully realized the role of data in urban governance. It meets the requirements of engineering technology, and the impact on the ecological environment, social economy, spatial landscape, and resource utilization is within a reasonable range. This role is mainly manifested in the fact that the government, the traditional governance subject in urban governance, has incorporated enterprises and citizens into urban governance through the linkage of data and transferred part of the responsibility in urban governance to enterprises and citizens. The position of enterprises and citizens in urban governance is clarified, and they are both data generators and data utilizers. In both cases of this paper, the government gradually joins with other stakeholders to realize the interaction between subjects based on the data connection.
Transparency refers to the extent to which the government discloses the information it holds related to urban governance. Urban governance is the process of interaction between the governing bodies around urban affairs. The decrease in information cost, decision cost, and supervision cost related to the urban governance process bring down the overall cost of urban governance.
Decision-making cost refers to the cost of comparing and bargaining options when governance subjects develop and choose options for urban affairs. The data-driven network governance structure is based on the openness and interaction of data as the medium of interactive communication. The openness and interaction of data bring a large amount of information related to decision-making to governance subjects and reduce the cost of information collection and comparison related to solution formation; data as an interactive medium of communication reduce the cost of communication related to solution formation.
7. Conclusion
The network-based urban governance structure is based on the openness and interaction of data. The openness and interaction of data enhance the real-time responsiveness of governmental actions in traditional urban management and improve the effectiveness of enterprises and citizens’ participation in urban governance. Real-time responsiveness refers to the government’s ability to better connect with governance subjects in urban governance on urban issues based on the temporal and spatial advantages of data connectivity. Some are indirectly caused by businesses. Enterprises are often the experiencers and primary discoverers of urban problems. Effectiveness refers to the ability of enterprises and citizens to make more comprehensive and accurate suggestions and take more prudent actions on urban governance matters based on the openness and interaction of data. The behaviors of governance subjects are more closely connected by the data connection, and the interaction between the subjects’ behaviors is enhanced. The transformation of modernity into reflective modernity and complex modernity continues to show its harmful side, and modern urban risk is the most visible manifestation of it. Urban risk is originally a way of living and a state of existence for human society since it chose urban space for settlement. However, the risks under urban modernity present different characteristics of great destructiveness, weak intersubjectivity, cross-domain permeability, multiple alienation, and frequent contingency, calling for the objective appearance of complex modernity theory.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Department of Law, Zhejiang University City College.