Impact of Parameter Tuning with Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Bat Algorithm on Accuracy of the SVM Model in Landslide Susceptibility Evaluation

Table 3

Information value of each factor.

Factors	Class	No. of pixels	Percentage of pixels (%)	No. of landslides	Percentage of landslides (%)	Frequency ratio	Information value
Lithology	Q	163436	9.95	12	8.86	0.890194562	−0.116315231
	K	44511	2.71	2	1.27	0.466948943	−0.761535357
	J	98767	6.02	11	7.59	1.262626994	0.233194467
	T-J	15025	0.92	2	1.27	1.383286678	0.324462318
	P	366271	22.31	48	34.18	1.532130517	0.426659261
	C	173620	10.57	5	3.80	0.359134305	−1.024058851
	D	202868	12.36	7	5.06	0.409808231	−0.892065958
	O	50620	3.08	9	6.33	2.052978582	0.719291705
	Є	406237	24.74	29	20.25	0.818607433	−0.200150635
	Z	113651	6.92	14	10.13	1.46302596	0.380506866
	Pt	6952	0.42	2	1.27	2.989720875	1.09518003
Elevation (m)	1785.96–1957.21	430543	26.22	27	18.99	0.724161338	−0.322741069
	1957.21–2062.85	388112	23.64	43	30.38	1.285330399	0.251015805
	2062.85–2172.72	375369	22.86	57	40.51	1.771952938	0.572082293
	2172.72–2292.57	297842	18.14	30	21.52	1.186379381	0.170906132
	2292.57–2565.19	150091	9.14	12	8.86	0.969402191	−0.031075695
Aspect	N	155001	9.44	14	10.13	1.07272938	0.070206223
	NE	149501	9.11	14	10.13	1.112194076	0.10633471
	NW	192172	11.70	20	13.92	1.189699457	0.173700718
	E	212498	12.94	20	13.92	1.075901533	0.073158946
	S	207433	12.63	20	13.92	1.102172384	0.097283126
	SE	237872	14.49	20	13.92	0.96113424	−0.039641191
	SW	203296	12.38	21	15.19	1.226837665	0.204439854
	W	241837	14.73	12	8.86	0.601602984	−0.508157547
	Flat	42347	2.58	0	0.00	0	0
Slope (°)	0–4.33	540042	32.89	18	12.66	0.384863878	−0.954865572
	4.33–9.67	475766	28.98	45	31.65	1.092147496	0.088145938
	9.67–15.53	361275	22.00	36	25.32	1.15060637	0.140289082
	15.53–23.42	208305	12.69	29	20.25	1.596448732	0.46778162
	23.42–64.92	56569	3.45	14	10.13	2.939315289	1.078176659
SPI	−8.46–−1.87	108691	6.62	4	2.53	0.38244686	−0.961165564
	−1.87–1.94	524426	31.94	39	27.85	0.871913002	−0.137065628
	1.94–3.85	671993	40.93	52	36.71	0.896949386	−0.108755844
	3.85–6.91	275964	16.81	36	25.32	1.506302693	0.409658101
	6.91–15.88	60883	3.71	11	7.59	2.048282689	0.717001729
TWI	2.94–6.11	474899	28.92	41	29.11	1.006610066	0.006588316
	6.11–7.99	657499	40.04	59	41.77	1.043166259	0.042260568
	7.99–10.87	310758	18.93	23	16.46	0.869472244	−0.139868867
	10.87–15.63	73625	4.48	11	7.59	1.693794159	0.526971077
	15.63–28.12	125176	7.62	7	5.06	0.664161367	−0.409230136
Annual rainfall	918.78 mm–934.78 mm	324361	19.75	41	29.11	1.473871256	0.387892447
	934.78 mm–946.90 mm	490621	29.88	61	43.04	1.440433216	0.364943913
	946.90 mm–960.39 mm	472224	28.76	21	15.19	0.528194086	−0.638291476
	960.39 mm–977.07 mm	354848	21.61	18	12.66	0.585757667	−0.534849112
Terrain roughness	1–1.016	1054634	64.23	62	44.30	0.689764699	−0.371404755
	1.016–1.058	449637	27.38	54	37.97	1.386736356	0.326953041
	1.058–1.144	121897	7.42	18	12.66	1.705067871	0.533604917
	1.144–1.436	14916	0.91	7	5.06	5.573683514	1.718056148
	1.436–2.356	873	0.05	0	0.00	0	0
Distance to roads (m)	0–896.96	689929	42.02	64	45.57	1.084572801	0.081186177
	896.86–2167.65	442994	26.98	29	20.25	0.750728229	−0.286711571
	2167.65–3699.95	282239	17.19	20	13.92	0.810095591	−0.210603024
	3699.95–5680.74	151690	9.24	12	8.86	0.959183495	−0.041672883
	5680.74–9530.18	75203	4.58	16	11.39	2.487527851	0.911289386