Research Article
Multiclass Classification by Various Machine Learning Algorithms and Interpretation of the Risk Factors of Pedestrian Accidents Using Explainable AI
Table 1
Descriptive statistics of all variables used for analysis.
| | Variable | Proportion (%) | Minor injury (%) | Serious injury (%) | Fatal injury (%) |
| | Injury severity | 100 | 57.4 | 37.0 | 5.5 |
| | Region | | Seoul | | | | | | Seoul (1) | 18.6 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 0.5 | | Otherwise (0) | 81.4 | 28.6 | 47.8 | 5.0 | | Metropolitan | | | | | | Metropolitan (1) | 27.1 | 10.4 | 16.2 | 0.4 | | Otherwise (0) | 72.9 | 26.6 | 41.2 | 5.1 | | Gyeonggi | | | | | | Gyeonggi (1) | 17.6 | 6.3 | 10.4 | 1.0 | | Otherwise (0) | 82.4 | 30.8 | 47.1 | 4.5 | | Gangwon | | | | | | Gangwon (1) | 4.1 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 0.3 | | Otherwise (0) | 95.9 | 35.5 | 55.3 | 5.1 | | Chungcheong | | | | | | Chungcheong (1) | 7.9 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 1.6 | | Otherwise (0) | 92.1 | 34.8 | 56.4 | 3.9 | | Jeolla | | | | | | Jeolla (1) | 9.2 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 1.1 | | Otherwise (0) | 90.8 | 33.6 | 52.8 | 4.4 | | Gyeongsang | | | | | | Gyeongsang (1) | 13.3 | 3.9 | 9.0 | 0.4 | | Otherwise (0) | 86.7 | 33.1 | 48.5 | 5.1 | | Jeju | | | | | | Jeju (1) | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.1 | | Otherwise (0) | 97.8 | 36.1 | 56.6 | 5.4 |
| | Driver gender | | D_Male | | | | | | D_Male (1) | 82.3 | 30.0 | 47.3 | 5.0 | | Otherwise (0) | 47.7 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 0.5 | | D_Female | | | | | | D_Female (1) | 17.7 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 0.5 | | Otherwise (0) | 82.3 | 30.0 | 47.3 | 5.0 |
| | Driver age | | D25 | | | | | | D25 (1) | 20.9 | 3.1 | 13.1 | 4.6 | | Otherwise (0) | 79.1 | 33.9 | 44.4 | 0.9 | | D25∼60 | | | | | | D25∼60 (1) | 66.2 | 24.7 | 40.7 | 0.8 | | Otherwise (0) | 33.8 | 12.3 | 16.8 | 4.7 | | D60 | | | | | | D60 (1) | 12.9 | 9.2 | 3.7 | 0.07 | | Otherwise (0) | 87.1 | 27.8 | 53.8 | 5.4 | | Drunk driver | | | | | | Drunk (1) | 7.1 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 0.8 | | Otherwise (0) | 92.9 | 34.3 | 53.9 | 4.6 |
| | Pedestrian gender | | Male (1) | 53.1 | 21.0 | 29.1 | 3.0 | | Otherwise (0) | 46.9 | 16.0 | 28.4 | 2.5 | | Female (1) | 46.9 | 16.0 | 28.4 | 2.5 | | Otherwise (0) | 53.1 | 21.0 | 29.1 | 3.0 |
| | Pedestrian age | | P25 | | | | | | P25 (1) | 34.6 | 16.2 | 17.8 | 0.6 | | Otherwise (0) | 65.4 | 20.8 | 39.7 | 4.9 | | P25∼65 | | | | | | P25∼65 (1) | 45.2 | 16.9 | 26.1 | 2.2 | | Otherwise (0) | 54.8 | 20.1 | 31.4 | 3.3 | | P65 | | | | | | P65 (1) | 20.3 | 3.9 | 13.7 | 2.7 | | Otherwise (0) | 79.7 | 33.1 | 43.8 | 2.8 | | Time | | | | | | Day (1) | 52.7 | 20.5 | 31.3 | 0.8 | | Otherwise (0) | 47.3 | 16.5 | 26.2 | 4.7 | | Night (1) | 47.3 | 16.5 | 26.2 | 4.7 | | Otherwise (0) | 52.7 | 20.5 | 31.3 | 0.8 |
| | Accident location | | Acc1 | | | | | | Ect (1) | 15.1 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 0.7 | | Otherwise (0) | 84.9 | 30.7 | 49.4 | 4.8 | | Acc2 | | | | | | Road edge (1) | 9.8 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 0.4 | | Otherwise (0) | 9.0 | 32.5 | 52.7 | 5.0 | | Acc3 | | | | | | Sidewalk (1) | 5.7 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 0.1 | | Otherwise (0) | 94.3 | 34.6 | 54.4 | 5.3 | | Acc4 | | | | | | Driveway (1) | 13.9 | 5.6 | 7.5 | 0.7 | | Otherwise (0) | 86.1 | 31.4 | 50.0 | 4.7 | | Acc5 | | | | | | Crosswalk (1) | 55.5 | 18.2 | 34.0 | 3.3 | | Otherwise (0) | 44.5 | 18.8 | 23.5 | 2.2 | | Car type | | | | | | Motorcycle (1) | 9.3 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 0.1 | | Otherwise (0) | 90.7 | 32.8 | 52.5 | 5.4 | | Small (1) | 69.4 | 26.3 | 40.0 | 3.0 | | Otherwise (0) | 30.6 | 10.7 | 17.4 | 2.5 | | Medium (1) | 15.4 | 4.8 | 9.2 | 1.4 | | Otherwise (0) | 84.6 | 32.2 | 48.3 | 4.1 | | Large (1) | 5.9 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 0.9 | | Otherwise (0) | 94.1 | 35.3 | 54.2 | 4.6 | | Road type | | | | | | Freeway (1) | 1.1 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0.8 | | Otherwise (0) | 98.9 | 36.9 | 57.2 | 4.7 | | National road (1) | 12.4 | 3.2 | 7.3 | 1.8 | | Otherwise (0) | 87.6 | 33.8 | 50.1 | 3.7 | | Metropolitan road (1) | 71.1 | 27.8 | 41.6 | 1.8 | | Otherwise (0) | 28.9 | 9.3 | 15.9 | 3.7 | | Local road (1) | 15.4 | 6.1 | 8.3 | 0.9 | | Otherwise (0) | 84.6 | 30.9 | 49.2 | 4.5 |
| | Number of lane | | Lane_1 | | | | | | Lane_1 (1) | 58.2 | 23.2 | 32.4 | 2.7 | | Otherwise (0) | 41.8 | 13.9 | 25.1 | 2.8 | | Lane_2 | | | | | | Lane_2 (1) | 23.1 | 7.8 | 13.7 | 1.6 | | Otherwise (0) | 76.9 | 29.2 | 43.8 | 3.9 | | Lane_3 | | | | | | Lane_3 (1) | 9.0 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 0.5 | | Otherwise (0) | 90.9 | 34.0 | 52.0 | 4.9 | | Lane_4 | | | | | | Lane_4 (1) | 9.6 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 0.6 | | Otherwise (0) | 90.3 | 34.0 | 51.5 | 4.9 | | Road width | | | | | | ∼6 m (1) | 26.3 | 9.3 | 15.5 | 1.5 | | Otherwise (0) | 73.7 | 27.7 | 42.0 | 4.0 | | 6∼13 m (1) | 15.9 | 4.9 | 9.8 | 1.1 | | Otherwise (0) | 84.1 | 32.1 | 47.6 | 4.3 | | 13 m∼ (1) | 57.8 | 22.8 | 32.1 | 2.9 | | Otherwise (0) | 42.2 | 14.2 | 25.4 | 2.6 | | Season | | | | | | Spring (1) | 26.0 | 10.0 | 14.8 | 1.3 | | Otherwise (0) | 74.0 | 27.0 | 42.7 | 4.2 | | Summer (1) | 24.7 | 9.3 | 14.3 | 1.1 | | Otherwise (0) | 75.3 | 27.8 | 43.2 | 4.4 | | Fall (1) | 27.6 | 10.1 | 15.8 | 1.8 | | Otherwise (0) | 72.4 | 26.9 | 41.7 | 3.8 | | Winter (1) | 21.7 | 7.7 | 12.7 | 1.4 | | Otherwise (0) | 78.3 | 29.4 | 44.8 | 4.1 | | Weather | | | | | | Clear (1) | 83.8 | 32.3 | 47.8 | 3.7 | | Otherwise (0) | 16.2 | 4.7 | 9.7 | 1.8 | | Cloudy (1) | 5.7 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 0.3 | | Otherwise (0) | 94.3 | 35.1 | 54.1 | 5.1 | | Foggy, rainy, snowy (1) | 10.5 | 2.8 | 6.3 | 1.4 | | Otherwise (0) | 89.5 | 34.2 | 51.2 | 4.1 |
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