Robust Anomaly Recognition in Hydraulic Structural Safety Monitoring: A Methodology Based on Deconfounding Boosted Regression Trees

Table 3

Mean absolute error (KPa) of different BRT models.

Model	R1	R2	R3	R4	Average
Causal model	0.387	0.163	0.234	0.643	0.357
Noncausal model	0.079	0.085	0.068	0.163	0.099
Two-stage BRT	0.116	0.124	0.128	0.252	0.155
Copula debiased BRT	0.08	0.091	0.076	0.182	0.107