Robust Anomaly Recognition in Hydraulic Structural Safety Monitoring: A Methodology Based on Deconfounding Boosted Regression Trees

Table 4

False alarm rate (%) of different BRT models.

Model	R1	R2	R3	R4	Average
Causal model	7.91	9.28	8.47	7.53	8.30
Noncausal model	1.61	4.88	2.27	1.98	2.69
Two-stage BRT	3.24	7.06	5.82	5.29	5.35
Copula debiased BRT	1.63	5.14	2.71	2.15	2.91