| Model | Parameter setting | Hyperparameter optimization range | Optimal parameter |
| SVM | “kernel,” “C” | [“linear,” “RBF,” “sigmod”]; [0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3] | “linear”; 1 |
| RF | “n_estimators”; “max_depth”; “max_features” | [10, 50, 100, 500]; [3, 5–7, 5–7, 9, 12, 15]; [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12] | 100; 9; 8 |
| XGBoost | “n_estimators”; “learning_rate”; “max_depth” | [10, 50, 100, 500]; [0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1]; [3, 5–7, 5–7, 9, 12, 15] | 100; 0.05; 7 |
| LightGBM | “n_estimators”; “num_leaves”; “learning_rate”; “max_depth” | [10, 50, 100, 500]; [10, 20, 30; 50]; [0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1]; [3, 5–7, 5–7, 9, 12, 15] | 100; 20; 0.1; 6 |
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