Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers to Predict Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis: Current and Future Perspectives

Table 1

Major factors affecting drug response in patients.

Factor	Examples
Pharmacokinetic	Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion of drugs
Pharmacodynamic	Disease state; Availability of therapeutic targets, for example, the presence or absence of drug receptors
External factors	Environmental chemicals (including smoking); Coadministered drugs
Drug	Drug form; Dosing frequency; Route of administration; Drug mechanism of action
Physiological	Age, weight, sex, pregnancy, race, and food consumption
Pathological	Liver disease; Renal disease; Malnutrition
Patient behavior	Compliance and persistence with drug regimens