Cytokines in Bipolar Disorder: Paving the Way for Neuroprogression

Table 1

Cytokine peripheral levels in bipolar disorder patients in euthymia compared with controls.

Cytokine	Findings	Conclusion
TNF	↔ [44, 57, 61, 62, 73, 77, 85, 86, 101–105]	↔
	↑ [63, 70]
sTNFR1	↔ [73, 106, 107]	↑
	↑ [61, 103, 105, 108]
sTNFR2	↔ [61, 73, 103]	↔
	↑ [105]
IFN-	↔ [63, 86]	NC
	↑ [69, 70]
IL-2	↔ [63, 86]	↔
	↑ [70]
IL-4	↔ [86, 104]	NC
	↑ [69, 70, 77]
	↓ [63]
IL-6	↔ [45, 57, 77, 86, 101, 102, 104]	↔
	↑ [63, 70, 106]
IL-10	↔ [48, 86]	NC
	↑ [44, 70]
	↓ [104]
IL-17 A	↔ [86]	NC
	↑ [70]
IL-1	↔ [60, 62, 104]	↔
	↑ [45, 106]
IL-1 ra	↔ [63, 107]	NC
	↑ [45, 109]
IL33	↑ [58]	↑
sST2	↔ [58]	↔
CCL2	↔ [45, 59, 85, 104]	↔
CCL3	↔ [59, 73]	↔
CXCL8	↔ [104]	NC
	↓ [59]
CXCL10	↑ [59, 86]	↑
CXCL11	↔ [45, 85]	NC
	↑ [59]
CXCL24	↑ [59]	NC
	↓ [85]

↓: decreased levels; ↔: not altered levels; ↑: increased levels; NC: not conclusive.