Review Article
Cytokines in Bipolar Disorder: Paving the Way for Neuroprogression
Table 2
Cytokine peripheral levels in bipolar disorder patients in mania state compared with controls.
| Cytokine | Findings | Conclusion |
| TNF | ↔ [77] | ↑ | ↑ [101, 110, 111] |
| sTNFR1 | ↔ [107] | ↑ | ↑ [61, 106] |
| sTNFR2 | ↔ [61] | ↔ |
| IL-6 | ↑ [77, 111] | ↔ | ↔ [45, 62, 64, 101, 106] |
| IL-4 | ↑ [48, 77, 110] | ↑ |
| IL-1β | ↔ [59, 110] | NC | ↑ [43] |
| IL-12 | ↔ [110] | ↑ |
| IL-1 ra | ↔ [45, 70] | ↔ |
| IL33 | ↑ [58] | ↑ |
| sST2 | ↔ [58] | ↔ |
| CCL2 | ↔ [109] | ↔ |
| CCL3 | ↔ [69] | ↔ |
| CXCL8 | ↑ [59] | NC | ↓ [69] |
| CXCL10 | ↑ [69] | ↑ |
| CXCL11 | ↑ [69] | ↑ |
| CXCL24 | ↔ [69] | ↔ |
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↓: decreased levels; ↔: not altered levels; ↑: increased levels; NC: not conclusive.
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