Cytokines in Bipolar Disorder: Paving the Way for Neuroprogression

Table 2

Cytokine peripheral levels in bipolar disorder patients in mania state compared with controls.

Cytokine	Findings	Conclusion
TNF	↔ [77]	↑
	↑ [101, 110, 111]
sTNFR1	↔ [107]	↑
	↑ [61, 106]
sTNFR2	↔ [61]	↔
IL-6	↑ [77, 111]	↔
	↔ [45, 62, 64, 101, 106]
IL-4	↑ [48, 77, 110]	↑
IL-1β	↔ [59, 110]	NC
	↑ [43]
IL-12	↔ [110]	↑
IL-1 ra	↔ [45, 70]	↔
IL33	↑ [58]	↑
sST2	↔ [58]	↔
CCL2	↔ [109]	↔
CCL3	↔ [69]	↔
CXCL8	↑ [59]	NC
	↓ [69]
CXCL10	↑ [69]	↑
CXCL11	↑ [69]	↑
CXCL24	↔ [69]	↔

↓: decreased levels; ↔: not altered levels; ↑: increased levels; NC: not conclusive.