Cytokines in Bipolar Disorder: Paving the Way for Neuroprogression

Table 3

Cytokine peripheral levels in bipolar disorder patients in depressive state compared with controls.

Cytokine	Findings	Conclusion
TNF	↔ [58, 59, 82, 83]	↔
	↑ [59, 66, 109]
sTNFR1	↑ [45]	↑
IL-6	↔ [45, 59, 61, 66, 111]	↔
	↑ [101]
IL-4	↔ [101]	NC
	↓ [109]
IL1-β	↔ [107, 109]	↔
	↑ [42]
IL-1 ra	↔ [45]	↔
	↑ [69]

↓: decreased levels; ↔: not altered levels; ↑: increased levels; NC: not conclusive.