| Physiologic causes | Pregnancy, nipple stimulation, stress, lactation, sexual intercourse/Sexual orgasm, venipuncture, chest wall stimulation (trauma, herpes zoster), high protein diet, exercise, hypoglycemia | Pituitary disease | Prolactinomas (microadenomas and macroadenomas); acromegaly, empty sella syndrome; lymphocyctic hypophysitis | Hypothalamic disease | Craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, dysgerminomas, Rathke’s pocket cyst, other tumors, sarcoidosis, eosinophilic granuloma, neuraxis irradiation, arteriovenous malformations, pituitary stalk section | Neurogenic | Chest wall lesions, spinal cord lesions | Systemic disease | Hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, hepatic cirrhosis, Cushing’s disease; Addison’s disease, histiocytosis X, temporal arteries inflammation; chronic uremia; SLE; multiple sclerosis; Sjogren’s syndrome | Other | Pseudocyesis, polycystic ovary syndrome; epilepsy; meningitis, mutation in prolactin receptor gene (His188Arg) |
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