Spatial Distribution and Associated Factors of Institutional Delivery among Reproductive-Age Women in Ethiopia: The Case of Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
Table 3
Model comparison using parameters (community-level factors, individual-level factors, and null model for 2016 EDHS).
Variables fixed effect
Model 1
Model 2 AOR (95% CI)
Model 3 AOR (95% CI)
Model 4 AOR (95% CI)
Maternal age
15–24 years®
1
1
25–34 years
0.83 (0.61–1.12)
1.31 (0.76–2.27)
35–49 years
0.98 (0.68–1.43)
0.91 (0.60–1.39)
Maternal educational
No education®
1
1
Primary
1.52 (1.21–1.92)
1.40 (1.11–1.77)
Secondary
3.83 (2.49–6.04)
3.25 (2.03–5.19)
Higher
5.41 (2.14–13.4)
3.89 (1.51–10.01)
Wealth index
Poorest®
1
1
Poorer
1.59 (1.12–2.27)
1.46 (1.03–2.09)
Middle
1.53 (1.11–2.16)
1.39 (0.99–1.95)
Richer
1.60 (1.12–2.40)
1.39 (0.95–2.05)
Richest
4.50 (3.18–7.26)
2.18 (1.39–3.41)
Antenatal care visit
0®
1
1
1–3
3.84 (2.83–5.21)
3.75 (2.76–5.10)
4 and above
7.02 (5.18–9.51)
6.57 (4.83–8.94)
Birth order
6 and above®
1
1
1–3
1.44 (0.84–2.48)
1.31 (0.76–2.27)
4–5
0.97 (0.65–1.48)
0.91 (0.60–1.39)
Women working status
Not working®
1
1
Working
1.12 (0.86–1.44)
1.09 (0.84–1.42)
Parity
1®
1
1
2–4
0.47 (0.34–0.66)
0.48 (0.34–0.68)
>5
0.56 (0.31–0.99)
0.59 (0.33–1.04)
Relationship to household head
Head®
1
1
Wife
0.92 (0.66–1.28)
0.96 (0.67–1.37)
Other
1.05 (0.66–1.66)
1.12 (0.69–1.82)
Media exposure
No®
1
1
Yes
1.13 (0.83–1.55)
1.04 (0.75–1.43)
Distance to healthcare facility
Not a big problem®
1
1
A big problem
1.32 (1.06–1.64)
1.22 (0.98–1.52)
Regions (community)
City®
1
1
Pastoralist
0.16 (0.10–0.2)
0.30 (0.19–0.48)
Agrarian
0.31 (0.21–0.5)
0.45 (0.30–0.69)
Residence (community)
Rural®
1
1
Urban
12.88 (8.27–20)
5.30 (3.10–9.06)
Community poverty
Lower®
1
1
Higher
0.62 (0.43–0.9)
0.82 (0.56–1.19)
Community education
Lower®
1
1
Higher
2.95 (2.09–4.1)
1.70 (1.22–2.36)
The symbols are represented as follows: P 0.05, P 0.01, 1: reference group, ®outcome variables of interest.
