Protective Pleiotropic Effect of Flavonoids on NAD⁺ Levels in Endothelial Cells Exposed to High Glucose

Figure 1

Effect of incubation with 30 mM glucose on the expression of aldose reductase (a) and PARP-1 (b) after several incubation times. Effect of addition of flavonoids (compared to high glucose incubation) after 24 hours incubation is shown in (c) (aldose reductase) and (d) (PARP-1). Data are expressed as mean ± standard error from three independent experiments. compared to normal glucose incubation; compared to incubation with high glucose alone.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)